Disputes in the world of business are not something to write home about. Amongst all the business-related sectors, one that often rears disputes is the agrarian sector. This is due to the close relationship between development and the need for land, as one of the primary needs of humankind. Therefore, a review and comprehensive exposition of disputes within the land sector and aspects of peaceful mediation of said disputes are needed to gain a deeper understanding of ways to achieve more effective and efficient land dispute resolution. In order to achieve these goals and objectives, an in-depth analysis is needed on the extent to which Undang-undang Pokok Agraria (The Agrarian Law) accommodates the resolution of the agrarian disputes and problems, as well as, in relation to the existence of implementing regulations of Undang-undang Pokok Agraria that support the resolution of land disputes that arose or which may arise in the future. Currently disputes over land can be resolved through the means of a lawsuit in the Private Court of Law or through peaceful mediation. Peaceful mediation of land disputes can be carried out both within and outside the Court of Law. Based on the research, mediation in the court has a low rate of success mainly because of the “out for war” mentality of the parties involved which have been formed prior to entering the mediation process. With the settlement of cases through the Judiciary Court of Law becoming a go-to option in the majority of land dispute resolution, the high costs and length of time commonly incurred in such process greatly hampers the resolution of numerous land disputes and tends to be a field of "money war" between litigant parties. If this continues, at its age of 58 years, it must be questioned "Qua Vadis Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria of the Republic of Indonesia?”
Land is one of sources of natural wealth as stated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution and is implemented based on the national land law as regulated in Agrarian Law. Government must manage land for the greatest prosperity of the people. The problems in land management is difficulty in carrying out a land acquisition for public interest. Many lands controlled by land brokers/speculators have been abandoned. This condition causes national development to become obstructed and requires enormous financing. The government formed a land bank which is regulated in Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. This research is intended to describe and explain regulation of Land Bank in the Job Creation Act and Government Regulation of Land Bank Agency and the implications for national land law. This study uses normative legal research with conceptual and statutory approach. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The land bank regulation contains the establishment of Land Bank Agency, functions, objectives, institutional structure of Land Bank, the assets of Land Bank Agency, land rights granted to Land Bank Agency, and position and nature of land bank. It is feared that existence of Land Bank will deviate from the objectives of agrarian reform and the principles of national land law because there are vague, unclear, and potentially contain conflicts of interest and abuse of authority. There is a need for changes to a number of applicable provisions in a comprehensive and systematic manner and socialization of the existence of a land bank. Tanah merupakan salah satu sumber kekayaan alam yang dicantumkan dalam Pasal 33 UUD 1945 dan dilaksanakan berdasarkan hukum tanah nasional dalam Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria. Pemerintah memiliki kewajiban untuk mengelola tanah bagi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Permasalahan dalam pengelolaan tanah adalah kesulitan melakukan pengadaan tanah bagi kepentingan umum. Banyak tanah yang dikuasai oleh makelar atau spekulan tanah yang diterlantarkan. Kondisi ini menjadikan pembangunan nasional menjadi terhambat dan memerlukan pembiayaan yang begitu besar. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut pemerintah membentuk Bank Tanah yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menguraikan dan menjelaskan pengaturan Bank Tanah dalam UU Cipta Kerja dan PP Badan Bank Tanah serta implikasi yang ditimbulkan terhadap hukum tanah nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan. Bahan hukum penelitian menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Dari hasil penelitian, pengaturan bank tanah memuat tentang pembentukan Badan Bank Tanah, fungsi, tujuan, struktur kelembagaan Bank Tanah, kekayaan Badan Bank Tanah, hak atas tanah yang diberikan kepada Badan Bank Tanah, serta kedudukan dan sifat bank tanah. Keberadaan Bank Tanah dikhawatirkan akan menyimpang dari tujuan reforma agraria dan asas-asas hukum pertanahan nasional karena terdapat ketentuan yang sumir, tidak jelas, dan berpotensi mengandung konflik kepentingan dan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Perlu adanya perubahan terhadap sejumlah ketentuan yang berlaku secara komprehensif dan sistematis serta diperlukan sosialisasi terhadap keberadaan Bank Tanah sehingga solusi Bank Tanah dapat menyelesaikan masalah pertanahan.
Unbalanced land ownership is an issue that arises due to the basic need for everyone to own land. This imbalance in land ownership not only triggers agrarian conflicts and disputes but also has the potential to violate human rights (HAM). This study aims to examine the relationship between Agrarian Reform and the inequality of land ownership in the context of human rights. Normative legal research methods are used by analyzing secondary data through library research. The research results show that agrarian reform aims to restructure land ownership, use, and utilization with the principle of justice. Nonetheless, the imbalance in land ownership that still exists has the potential to violate human rights. Human rights violations related to land ownership inequality not only cover land rights but also other rights such as employment, a decent standard of living, and others. Agrarian conflicts that arise due to inequality in land ownership can increase poverty and hinder the enforcement of human rights, especially in civil and political aspects. The importance of fair agrarian policies is crucial to preventing human rights violations. Unfortunately, the implementation of agrarian reform is still far from achieving the desired justice and prosperity, especially due to the frequent occurrence of agrarian conflicts related to unequal land ownership. Kepemilikan tanah yang tidak seimbang menjadi isu yang muncul akibat kebutuhan dasar setiap orang untuk memiliki tanah. Ketimpangan kepemilikan tanah ini tidak hanya memicu konflik agraria dan sengketa, tetapi juga berpotensi melanggar Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau hubungan antara Reforma Agraria dan ketimpangan kepemilikan tanah dalam konteks HAM. Metode penelitian hukum normatif digunakan dengan menganalisis data sekunder melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reforma agraria bertujuan untuk merestrukturisasi kepemilikan, penggunaan, dan pemanfaatan tanah dengan prinsip keadilan. Meskipun demikian, ketimpangan kepemilikan lahan yang masih ada berpotensi melanggar HAM. Pelanggaran HAM yang terkait dengan ketimpangan kepemilikan tanah tidak hanya mencakup hak atas tanah, tetapi juga hak-hak lain seperti pekerjaan, standar hidup yang layak, dan lainnya. Konflik agraria yang muncul akibat ketimpangan kepemilikan tanah dapat meningkatkan kemiskinan dan menghambat penegakan HAM, terutama dalam aspek sipil dan politik. Pentingnya kebijakan agraria yang adil menjadi krusial dalam mencegah pelanggaran HAM. Sayangnya, pelaksanaan reforma agraria masih jauh dari harapan dalam mencapai keadilan dan kesejahteraan yang diinginkan, terutama karena sering terjadi konflik agraria terkait dengan ketimpangan kepemilikan lahan.
Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Minerba meningkatkan konsekuensi kerusakan lingkungan dan berdampak pada terpinggirkannya perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat kecil yang karena keterbatasan melakukan usaha pertambangan tanpa izin yang diancam sanksi pidana sesuai Pasal 158. Artikel ini didasarkan metode penelitian hukum empiris sosiologis untuk mendapatkan data primer melalui observasi dan wawancara di 6 desa berbeda kecamatan yang ditetapkan secara purposive. Penegakan hukum pertambangan tanpa izin di Kabupaten Kuningan lebih bersifat persuasif kompromis, belum berdampak secara signifikan terhadap fungsi lingkungan karena berkurangnya tekanan penduduk. Perlu dilakukan pemberdayaan hukum kepada mereka agar dapat menggeser mata pencahariannya ke sektor pariwisata & kuliner. Kata kunci: fungsi lingkungan; pertambangan ilegal; penegakan hukum.
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