Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine are imperfect markers of kidney function because they are influenced by many renal and non-renal factors independent of kidney function. A biomarker that is released directly into the blood or urine by the kidney in response to injury may be a better early marker of drug-induced kidney toxicity than BUN and serum creatinine. Urine albumin and urine protein, as well as urinary markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), β2-microglobulin (B2M), cystatin C, clusterin, and trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3) have been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency as highly sensitive and specific urinary biomarkers to monitor drug-induced kidney injury in preclinical studies and on a case-by-case basis in clinical trials. Other biomarkers of drug-induced kidney toxicity that have been detected in the urine of rodents or patients include IL-18 (interleukin-18), NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), Netrin-1, liver type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), urinary exosomes, and TIMP2 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7)/IGFBP7 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7), also known as NephroCheck®, the first FDA-approved biomarker testing platform to detect acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients. In the future, a combined use of functional and damage markers may advance the field of biomarkers of drug kidney toxicity. Earlier detection of drug-induced kidney toxicity with a kidney specific biomarker may result in the avoidance of nephrotoxic agents in clinical studies and may allow for earlier intervention to repair damaged kidneys.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.