According to national survey data, dairy food consumption has fallen in recent years and declines further with age, especially from childhood to adolescence. Dietary surveys typically rely on retrospective dietary assessment methods and use broad age groupings (4-10 yr; 11-18 yr), making it challenging to differentiate between middle-childhood and adolescence. Consequently, there is a need to assess dairy food consumption during middle-childhood and adolescence using more robust dietary assessment tools. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare patterns of dairy consumption throughout middle-childhood and adolescence. Dairy food consumption was assessed during school term-time over 4 consecutive days, including 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days, in a sample of free-living children (9-11 yr, n=40) and adolescents (15-18 yr, n=35). For children, free-living dairy intake was evaluated through parental-weighed food records, and for adolescents, a combined weighed self-reported food record and 24-h dietary recall technique was utilized. Food records were explored to determine types, amounts, and frequency of dairy food consumption, and were analyzed for differences between middle-childhood and adolescence using a between group 2×2 (age×sex) ANOVA. Descriptive data suggested that milk was the most popular dairy product consumed by both children and adolescents. Statistical analysis revealed a main effect for sex on total milk consumption (mL) and number of daily milk portions consumed. No interaction or main effect was present for any other variable. The present study indicates that independent of age, boys consumed greater amounts of milk compared with girls. Contrary to existing literature, findings suggest no difference in milk-based dairy consumption between middle-childhood and adolescence.

The present study examined the acute effects of active gaming on energy intake (EI) and appetite responses in 8-11-year-old boys in a schoolbased setting. Using a randomised cross-over design, twenty-one boys completed four individual 90-min gaming bouts, each separated by 1 week. The gaming bouts were (1) seated gaming, no food or drink; (2) active gaming, no food or drink; (3) seated gaming with food and drink offered ad libitum; and (4) active gaming with food and drink offered ad libitum. In the two gaming bouts during which foods and drinks were offered, EI was measured. Appetite sensations -hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness -were recorded using visual analogue scales during all gaming bouts at 30-min intervals and at two 15-min intervals post gaming. In the two bouts with food and drink, no significant differences were found in acute EI (MJ) (P = 0·238). Significant differences were detected in appetite sensations for hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness between the four gaming bouts at various time points. The relative EI calculated for the two gaming bouts with food and drink (active gaming 1·42 (SEM 0·28) MJ; seated gaming 2·12 (SEM 0·25) MJ) was not statistically different. Acute EI in response to active gaming was no different from seated gaming, and appetite sensations were influenced by whether food was made available during the 90-min gaming bouts.Key words: Children: Active gaming: Energy intake: Physical activity: Appetite By the age of 10-11 years, one in three English children are now classified as being either overweight or obese (1) . In England, only 21 % of boys and 16 % of girls aged between 5 and 15 years achieve physical activity (PA) guidelines, and time spent being sedentary appears to be increasing (2)

The acute effects of active and seated video gaming on energy intake (EI), blood glucose, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 7-36 ) and subjective appetite (hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness) were examined in 8-11-year-old boys. In a randomised, crossover manner, twenty-two boys completed one 90-min active and one 90-min seated video gaming trial during which food and drinks were provided ad libitum. EI, plasma GLP-1 7-36 , blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured during and following both trials. Time-averaged AUC blood glucose was increased (P = 0·037); however, EI was lower during active video gaming (1·63 (SEM 0·26) MJ) compared with seated video gaming (2·65 (SEM 0·32) MJ) (P = 0·000). In a post-gaming test meal 1 h later, there were no significant differences in EI between the active and seated gaming trials. Although estimated energy expenditure was significantly higher during active video gaming, there was still no compensation for the lower EI. At cessation of the trials, relative EI (REI) was significantly lower following active video gaming (2·06 (SEM 0·30) MJ) v. seated video gaming (3·34 (SEM 0·35) MJ) (P = 0·000). No significant differences were detected in time-averaged AUC GLP-1 7-36 or subjective appetite. At cessation of the active video gaming trial, EI and REI were significantly less than for seated video gaming. In spite of this, the REI established for active video gaming was a considerable amount when considering the total daily estimated average requirement for 8-11-year-old boys in the UK (7·70 MJ).

Comprising of two experiments, this study assessed the metabolic, endocrine and appetite-2 related responses to acute and chronic milk consumption in adolescent males (15-18 y). 3Eleven adolescents [mean ± SD age: 16.5 ± 0.9 y; BMI: 23.3 ± 3.3 kg/m 2 ] participated in the 4 acute experiment and completed two laboratory visits (milk vs. fruit-juice) in a randomized 5 crossover design, separated by 7-d. Seventeen adolescents [age: 16.1 ± 0.9 y; BMI: 21.8 ± 3.7 6 kg/m 2 ] completed the chronic experiment. For the chronic experiment, a parallel design with 7 two groups was used. Participants were randomly allocated and consumed milk (n = 9) or 8 fruit-juice (n = 8) for 28-d, completing laboratory visits on the first (baseline, day-0) and last 9 day (follow-up, day-28) of the intervention phase. On laboratory visits (for both 10 experiments), measures of appetite, metabolism and endocrine responses were assessed at 11 regular intervals. In addition, eating behavior was quantified by ad libitum assessment under 12 laboratory conditions and in the free-living environment by weighed food record. Acute milk 13 intake stimulated glucagon (P = .027 [16.8 pg·mL; 95% CI: 2.4, 31.3]) and reduced ad 14 libitum energy intake relative to fruit-juice (P = .048 [-651.3 kJ; 95% CI: -1294.1, -8.6]), but 15 was comparable in the free-living environment. Chronic milk intake reduced free-living 16 energy intake at the follow-up visit compared to baseline (P = .013 [-1910.9 kJ; 95% CI: -17 554.6, -3267.2]), whereas the opposite was apparent for fruit-juice. Relative to baseline, 18 chronic milk intake increased the insulin response to both breakfast (P = .031) and mid-19 morning milk consumption (P = .050) whilst attenuating blood glucose (P = .025). Together, 20 these findings suggest milk consumption impacts favorably on eating behavior in adolescent 21 males, potentially through integrated endocrine responses. 22

This study was designed to assess the effect of a dairy-based recovery beverage on post-exercise appetite and energy intake in active females. Thirteen active females completed three trials in a crossover design. Participants completed 60 min of cycling at 65% V̇O2peak, before a 120 min recovery period. On completion of cycling, participants consumed a commercially available dairy-based beverage (DBB), a commercially available carbohydrate beverage (CHO), or a water control (H2O). Non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and appetite-related peptides alongside measures of subjective appetite were sampled at baseline and at 30 min intervals during recovery. At 120 min, energy intake was assessed in the laboratory by ad libitum assessment, and in the free-living environment by weighed food record for the remainder of the study day. Energy intake at the ad libitum lunch was lower after DBB compared to H2O (4.43 ± 0.20, 5.58 ± 0.41 MJ, respectively; p = 0.046; (95% CI: −2.28, −0.20 MJ)), but was not different to CHO (5.21 ± 0.46 MJ), with no difference between trials thereafter. Insulin and GLP-17-36 were higher following DBB compared to H2O (p = 0.015 and p = 0.001, respectively) but not to CHO (p = 1.00 and p = 0.146, respectively). In addition, glucagon was higher following DBB compared to CHO (p = 0.008) but not to H2O (p = 0.074). The results demonstrate that where DBB consumption may manifest in accelerated recovery, this may be possible without significantly affecting total energy intake and subsequent appetite-related responses relative to a CHO beverage.