Solubility parameters are certain measurable quantities that are observed to influence the ability of a solvent to fully dissolve a polymer. Current theory partitions the intermolecular forces between dispersion, polar, and hydrogen bonding interactions, thereby generating a three-dimensional solubility parameter space. The Hansen solubility parameters of a polymer are taken to be the center of a sphere obtained from the best fit of the coordinates of good solvents in the parameter space. Investigations of several polymers (lignin, polyethersulfone, and bitumen) show that the convex hull of all known good solvents in the three-dimensional parameter space also gives a meaningful interpretation of the solubility region. Several methods for computing the convex solubility parameters of a polymer from the convex solubility region are described.
We propose and validate herein a solution-phase synthetic strategy relying on in situ photostimulation and reduction of metal-halide intermediates to yield complex anisotropic and multicomponent nanostructures. Exposure of AgBr nanoparticles to ultraviolet light and l-Arginine forms dimers composed of crystalline Ag and AgBr nanophases. The Ag nanoparticle nucleates at and grows from a single point on the surface of the AgBr phase and the interface connecting these phases is atomically sharp. The complex nanostructures are generated at greater than 80% yield and are highly monodisperse in morphology and in size. The high crystallinity of the nanophases arises from an apparent solid-solid crystallization process and is unusual considering the nearly 40% lattice mismatch between Ag and AgBr. Such structures may be used to interrogate photocatalytic mechanisms or to construct more complex materials.
Host–guest interactions mediate many chemical and biochemical transformations and are extensively exploited in a number of industrially-relevant chemical processes. Many porous inorganic (e.g., zeolite) and molecular (e.g., metal-organic framework) hosts engage reagents in their environment through selective host–guest interactions. While researchers frequently capitalize on host–guest interactions to sequester chemical species or to catalyze reactions, these interactions can also be used to direct nanomaterial synthesis. In this Perspective we highlight the promise and opportunities for harnessing host–guest interactions to control the structure and dimensionality of materials. We focus our discussion on emerging strategies in soft chemistry and promising new directions which use porous ionic solids to direct the growth of complex nanoscale dimers and Janus nanoparticles.
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