In a joint project between two agencies in Singapore, the National Parks Board and the National University of Singapore-Singapore Delft Water Alliance, more than 30 plants species were screened and tested to select those that are suitable for application as vegetation in bioretention systems. The research project investigated the remediation capacity of the plants and their associated rhizosphere microbial communities. Of the numerous stormwater pollutants, the phytoremediation study focused on nitrogen.The experiments were set up and conducted from September 2010 through June 2011 at a site in Singapore, with an average day time temperature of 32 ± 1.87°C and night time temperature of 25 ± 1.28°C.Experimental setup under a transparent pitched roof structure at a site in Singapore in 2010
Inspection and Maintenance Guidelines Worldwide implementation of stormwater treatment practices is increasing. These are integral to Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). In the United States, their implementation grew at a rapid rate in the late 1990s through the beginning of the millennium. For instance, in the state of North Carolina, nearly 20,000 stormwater treatment practices are in place. In Asia, Singapore is also seeing a rapid uptake of stormwater treatment practices, as part of its Active Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters' initiative. Generally, much effort focused on design nuances for additional pollutant removal or better hydrologic performances. There is limited peer reviewed literature on maintenance issues, with a few notable exceptions (e.g., Asleson et al. 2009; Hunt et al. 2011; Wardynski and Hunt 2012). The issue of maintenance, or a lack thereof, is generally recognized in the stormwater management industry worldwide. Practices that have been neglected do not mitigate runoff volumes or flows as well as intended (Brown and Hunt 2011). 3.1 Establishing Levels of Appearance One principle that can be applied to determine maintenance requirements is establishing Levels of Appearance (LOA). LOA is a concept based on Levels of Service used in transportation structures such as roads and car parks, and this is equally applicable to water features. LOA would specifically apply to aesthetic conditions. Two categories, Manicured and Rustic, have been established. The safety and hydraulic/hydrologic efficiency should not to be compromised and essentially would not vary between two LOAs, at all times. The Manicured category includes highly visible practices, such as those in parks, in residential areas and along the roadway. Rustic practices are located in nature areas, or areas that mimic nature. They are expected to have a more natural appearance and therefore require less frequent upkeep.
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