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American black duck (Anas rubripes) populations declined by more than 50% between the 1950s and 1990s, and the species serves as a flagship for conserving salt marsh habitats along the Atlantic Coast. Black ducks have generally been well studied throughout the annual cycle, but surprisingly, we lack a synthetic, quantitative understanding of their space use during the winter. This limits our ability to prioritize habitat acquisition and restoration efforts. We used >17,000 telemetry locations from 235 black ducks ranging from Connecticut to Virginia to study home range composition and space use during winter in relation to habitat quality, urbanization, and severe weather. Despite substantial environmental variation, home range sizes were similar among regions and years. Smaller home and core ranges contained a greater proportion of salt marsh habitat, and ducks experiencing more 4-day freeze events had larger home and core ranges. Ducks exposed to prolonged periods of cold weather had smaller core ranges when those areas comprised more energy-rich freshwater habitats. When we examined individual telemetry locations, we found that ducks used irregularly inundated high marsh more at night, presumably for foraging, and urban habitats more during the day and evening crepuscular periods. We found that black ducks used regularly inundated low marsh less on days where the temperature never rose above freezing, and instead used subtidal areas and forested wetlands more. Finally, we found ducks were marginally more likely to use freshwater habitats during high tides. Our study confirms that
Habitat restoration and enhancement objectives for wintering waterfowl are typically derived by a bioenergetics modeling approach. This approach has been developed as a planning tool to identify the amount of foraging habitat required to meet North American Waterfowl Management Plan population objectives. Our objective was to provide the energetic supply component of the bioenergetics model at an important wintering area for American black ducks Anas rubripes in the Atlantic Flyway, the Eastern Shore of Virginia. We estimated food availability among four main wetland cover types used by overwintering American black ducks: brackish water, freshwater, mudflat, and salt marsh. Mudflat (221 6 50 kg/ha) and salt marsh (728 6 175 kg/ha) had the highest amounts of available invertebrate food density, and freshwater (42 6 9 kg/ha) had the highest amounts of available seed biomass. Our results suggest that seed density found in freshwater wetlands on the Eastern Shore of Virginia is considerably lower than densities found in inland freshwater cover types used by dabbling ducks. We also found that levels of invertebrate density found in Virginia mudflat and salt marsh are considerably lower than levels on Long Island, New York, and in southern New Jersey. Lower levels of food density compared with both more inland and northern wintering areas suggest that American black ducks wintering in Virginia are more likely to be limited by forage availability than American black ducks and other dabbling ducks wintering both inland and in the northern portion of the wintering range.
Resident populations of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) are of particular management interest throughout the eastern United States given increased human-wildlife conflicts due to regional increases in the Atlantic Flyway Resident Population. Within Virginia, USA, growth rates of resident goose populations have been reduced through extended harvest seasons and increased bag limits. Our objective was to investigate spatiotemporal patterns in survival rates and harvest rates of resident geese in Virginia over the past 25 years. We estimated annual survival, recovery, and harvest rates using markrecapture data from 1990-2015 for individuals that were banded as resident birds during summer throughout the state. We tested for differences in annual survival probability and harvest rates of resident geese banded and recovered in 3 distinct goose hunt zones: the Atlantic, Southern James Bay, and Western hunt zones, each of which had different hunting regulations. We also tested for differences in survival and harvest rates between individuals banded in rural or urban sampling locations, and between age classes (i.e., after hatch-year or hatch-year). In general, survival rates of resident geese over the past 25 years in Virginia are declining. Differences in survival among the 3 goose hunt zones also suggests that current harvest management strategies have reduced survival rates of resident geese. Upon closer examination, we found differences in survival among zones, with resident geese in the Atlantic and Southern James Bay hunt zones showing more negative declines compared to resident geese in the Western zone. Resident geese banded in rural areas had higher survival than urban-banded geese. We also investigated the effects of sampling effort on survival estimates and found no difference in survival estimates among groups when using 75%, 50%, 25%, or 5% of the data randomly sampled from the full data set, suggesting that banding efforts of resident geese could be reduced and continue to inform adaptive management strategies for these populations throughout Virginia.
Research has connected stereotype threat and regulatory fit by showing improved performance for individuals with negative stereotypes when they focused on minimizing potential losses. In the current study, non-Black participants, who were non-experts at golf putting, were told that a golf-putting task was diagnostic of natural athletic ability (i.e., negative stereotype) or sports intelligence (i.e., positive stereotype). Participants tried to maximize earned points or minimize lost points assigned after every putt, which was calculated based on the distance to a target. We demonstrate better performance for participants experiencing a fit between their global task stereotype and the task goal, and argue that regulatory fit allows for increased attention on the strategies beneficial for task performance. Interestingly, we find that performance of individuals high in working memory capacity suffers greatly when those individuals experience a regulatory mismatch.
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