Exact simple closed form solutions for the electromagnetic scattering problem for a thin spherical shell composed of radially oriented optically anisotropic scattering elements have been obtained. The solution is valid for arbitrary shell size and index of refraction, but is limited to the case of small shell thickness compared to the shell radius. Connections with the Rayleigh-Debye approximation are clearly established and the polarizability of the shell is given in terms of the dielectric constants. It is found that the Rayleigh-Debye approximation correctly computes the effect of the anisotropy in this case. These results are useful in the interpretation of light scattering experiments from phospholipid vesicle dispersions.
In diagnostic radiology the practical peak voltage was initially derived by postulating that, for a given combination of X-ray tube and contrast geometry, a constant X-ray tube voltage should produce the same low level contrast as an arbitrarily pulsating X-ray tube voltage. It has been shown previously that the practical peak voltage can be properly defined as a weighted average of the X-ray tube voltage. Up to now the concept of practical peak voltage was based entirely on the results of calculations. The present paper describes the experimental investigations for measuring and comparing the contrast-equivalent X-ray tube voltage and practical peak voltage derived from an invasive measurement of the time-dependent X-ray tube voltage. Within the experimental uncertainties, the results demonstrate the mutual equivalence of the practical peak voltage and the contrast-equivalent X-ray tube voltage.
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