Introduction: The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was the largest marine oil spill in U.S. history, involving the response of tens of thousands clean-up workers. Over 8500 United States Coast Guard personnel were deployed in response to the spill. Little is understood about the acute neurological effects of oil spill clean-up-related exposures. Given the large number of people involved in large oil spill clean-ups, study of these effects is warranted. Methods: We utilized exposure, health, and lifestyle data from a post-deployment survey administered to Coast Guard responders to the DWH oil spill. Crude oil exposure was assessed via self-reported inhalation and skin contact metrics, categorized by frequency of self-reported exposure to crude oil during deployment (never, rarely, sometimes, most/all of the time). Combined exposure to crude oil and oil dispersant was also evaluated. Adjusted log binomial regressions were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), investigating the associations between oil spill exposures and neurological symptoms during deployment. Stratified analyses investigated potential effect modification by sex, exhaust fume exposure, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, and deployment duration and timing. Results: Increasing frequency of crude oil exposure via inhalation was associated with increased likelihood of headaches (PR most/all vs. never = 1.80), lightheadedness (PR most/all vs. never = 3.36), difficulty concentrating (PR most/all vs. never = 1.72), numbness/tingling sensation (PR most/all vs. never = 3.32), blurred vision (PR most/all vs. never = 2.87), and memory loss/confusion (PR most/all vs. never = 2.03), with significant tests for trend. Similar results were found for crude oil exposure via skin contact. Exposure to both oil and oil dispersants yielded associations that were appreciably greater in magnitude than for oil alone for all neurological symptoms. Sensitivity analyses excluding responders in the highest environmental heat categories and responders with relevant pre-existing conditions indicated robustness of these results. Stratified analyses indicated possible effect modification by sex, PPE use, and heat exposure. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of a cross sectional association between crude oil exposures and acute neurological symptoms in a sample of U.S. Coast Guard responders. Additionally, it suggests that exposure to both crude oil and oil dispersant may result in stronger associations and that heat may interact synergistically with oil exposures resulting in more acute neurological symptoms. Future investigations are needed to confirm these findings.
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient germline infections that comprise 8% of the human genome. A number of HERVs are actively expressed—their products assume important physiological roles in embryonic development and have been associated with cancer and autoimmune diseases. Expression of a type of HERV, HERV‐K, has been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and some cancers. Expression of the Env protein appears to be dependent on a cis‐acting signal, RcRe, and a viral protein called Rec that mediate nuclear export of unspliced mRNAs in Crm1‐dependent manner, similar to the Rev‐RRE system in HIV. Despite low sequence similarity, the HERV‐K RcRE and HIV RRE are both characterized by a long stem and several smaller stems centered around a junction at the top of the long stem. We recently reported the three‐dimensional structure of the HIV RRE RNA and found that it is a flat, “A”‐shaped molecule (Fang et al., 2013). Based on apparent secondary structure similarities, we hypothesized that the unique “A” shape may be conserved in complex retroviruses. We examined the tertiary structure of the RcRE RNA in solution using small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Our results suggest that the two divergent retroviral elements are structurally conserved, attesting to the significance of the three‐dimensional structure in Rev‐RRE recognition. We report a structure‐ and function‐based mutational analysis of the RcRE tertirary structure.Support or Funding InformationNaval Academy Research Council (NARC)DTRA CB Technologies Service Academy Research Initiative.US Naval Academy, Chemistry DepartmentThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
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