The peer-reviewed book series edited by Christian Fuchs publishes books that critically study the role of the internet and digital and social media in society. Titles analyse how power structures, digital capitalism, ideology and social struggles shape and are shaped by digital and social media. They use and develop critical theory discussing the political relevance and implications of studied topics. The series is a theoretical forum for internet and social media research for books using methods and theories that challenge digital positivism; it also seeks to explore digital media This book represents the culmination of more than six years of studying and using free and open source software, which began during my doctoral studies in the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon. I was first introduced to open source software during the summer of 2011 when a colleague, Jeremy Swartz, took me on a guided tour of the Open Source Convention (OSCON) in Portland, Oregon. At the convention, I was offered three different jobs by companies who had exhibits there. I was told, 'we are looking for people like you'. I was incredibly surprised by this because I knew practically nothing about free and open source software at that time. I had heard of Linux, but that was about it. Nonetheless, all of the exhibitors-including Facebook, Google, the New York Times, and the United States Government-seemed keenly interested in attracting free and open source software programmers to their organisations. That experience piqued my interest in why companies were so interested in open source, and it became the focus of my studies. Along the way, I have had the privilege of discussing the subject with incredibly smart and patient people whohave helped me. I thank my dissertation committee for their patience, comments, and critiques throughout the process. Janet Wasko was an incredibly gracious and accommodating adviser throughout the process. Thanks for the support during my time at Oregon, the one-on-one meetings and, of course, all the fun. Bish Sen provided critical feedback throughout the process and always pushed me to think about the broader implications of my work. Gabriela Martinez was equally supportive, xii Incorporating the Digital Commons provided great feedback, and was always available for conversations. I thank both of them for the assistance throughout the process. Finally, I thank Eric Priest, who agreed to supervise an independent study on open source technology. My understanding is that Eric became one of the few law professors to serve on a dissertation committee at the University of Oregon. I also thank the members of my cohort-Toby Hopp, Erica Ciszek, Francesco Somaini, Brant Burkey, and Fatoumata Sow-who were sources of inspiration, support, and friendship throughout our time in the program. In addition, Tewodros
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Abstract:The concept of the commons has provided a useful framework for understanding a wide range of resources and cultural activities associated with the creation of value outside of the traditional market mechanisms under capitalism (i.e. private property, rational selfinterest, and profit maximization). However, these communities often continue to intersect with capital and the state attempts to appropriate their resources. Recent scholarship has sought to unpack some of the contradictions inherent in the claims made about the revolutionary potential of the commons by offering conceptual frameworks for assessing commonsbased projects. This paper builds upon this research by developing a two-pronged argument. First, by drawing examples from the free software movement, I argue that critical political economy provides the most useful analytical framework for understanding the contradictions inherent in the relationship between capital and the commons. Second, I argue for a commons praxis that attempts to overcome some of these contradictions. Within this discussion, I build on the notion of 'boundary commoning' to understand organisational form, and I develop the concept of 'subversive commoning' for understanding various forms of commoning that seek to undermine the capitalist logics of the digital commons.
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Measures of media concentration typically rely on two primary indices: CR4 and HHI. These indices are based on the market share of the top firms as well as the share of total revenues for top firms. These indices only serve as an adequate representation of media concentration sectors if one assumes that the top firms are competitors. However, these measures do not adequately capture the degree to which top firms work together through joint ventures or other shared interests. By using network analysis, this article illustrates the joint ventures that exist among the five largest media firms (Comcast, the Walt Disney Company, National Amusements, AT&T/WarnerMedia, and Fox/News Corporation). We argue that this type of analysis can supplement existing measures of media concentration and may also be useful for policy debates, particularly in reviews of proposed mergers.
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