Research Question 2: How many cities have LGBT nondiscrimination policies? A comprehensive survey of local LGBT nondiscrimination policies has not been thoroughly conducted since the late 1990s. The landscape of LGBT rights has changed dramatically in the last two decades. Therefore, before making any conclusions about why cities pass LGBT protections, this study includes a thoroughly researched survey of all cities and counties that have passed an LGBT nondiscrimination policy. Research Question 3: What types of LGBT nondiscrimination policies exist among local governments? LGBT nondiscrimination policies adopted by local governments differ in the degree to which they protect LGBT people. Some cities have ordinances with multiple protections and strong enforcement, while others have no protections for LGBT people. This study identifies six categories of LGBT policies that exist at the local level in the United States. Making distinctions between different types of LGBT nondiscrimination laws is important because LGBT activists should be clear about holding governments to the highest standards of LGBT protections. Practitioners and scholars must not conflate ordinances that have high levels of protections with those that are severely limited in scope or are nonbinding.
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