Six months of treatment with liraglutide 1.2 mg/d significantly reduced LFC in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes and this effect was mainly driven by body weight reduction. Further studies are needed to confirm that this reduction in LFC may significantly reduce fibrosis progression.

The management of cancer patients has changed due to the considerably more frequent use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs). However, the use of ICPI has a risk of side effects, particularly endocrine toxicity. Since the indications for ICPI are constantly expanding due to their efficacy, it is important that endocrinologists and oncologists know how to look for this type of toxicity and how to treat it when it arises. In view of this, the French Endocrine Society initiated the formulation of a consensus document on ICPI-related endocrine toxicity. In this paper, we will introduce data on the general pathophysiology of endocrine toxicity, and we will then outline expert opinion focusing primarily on methods for screening, management and monitoring for endocrine side effects in patients treated by ICPI. We will then look in turn at endocrinopathies that are induced by ICPI including dysthyroidism, hypophysitis, primary adrenal insufficiency and fulminant diabetes. In each chapter, expert opinion will be given on the diagnosis, management and monitoring for each complication. These expert opinions will also discuss the methodology for categorizing these side effects in oncology using ‘common terminology criteria for adverse events’ (CTCAE) and the difficulties in applying this to endocrine side effects in the case of these anti-cancer therapies. This is shown in particular by certain recommendations that are used for other side effects (high-dose corticosteroids, contraindicated in ICPI for example) and that cannot be considered as appropriate in the management of endocrine toxicity, as it usually does not require ICPI withdrawal or high-dose glucocorticoid intake.

The application of these new algorithms for the diagnosis, and follow-up of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease would lead to an excessive number of people with Type 2 diabetes being referred to a liver clinic. We suggest that new clinical and/or biological biomarkers of steatosis and fibrosis be specifically validated in people with Type 2 diabetes.

Objective-Treatment with liraglutide, a GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) agonist, has been shown to reduce postprandial lipidemia, an important feature of diabetic dyslipidemia. However, the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unknown. This prompted us to study the effect of liraglutide on the metabolism of ApoB48 (apolipoprotein B48). Approach and Results-We performed an in vivo kinetic study with stable isotopes (D 8 -valine) in the fed state in 10 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus before treatment and 6 months after the initiation of treatment with liraglutide (1.2 mg/d).We also evaluated, in mice, the effect of a 1-week liraglutide treatment on postload triglycerides and analysed in vitro on jejunum, the direct effect of liraglutide on the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of chylomicron.

this study suggests that in people with type 2 diabetes, fatty liver is not associated with cardiovascular disease. In a diabetic population, it seems that fatty liver is not a determinant factor associated with carotid IMT.

The clinical presentation of PAL comprised major general symptoms. Adrenal insufficiency was very common in patients with bilateral involvement but was not systematically tested. PET was an efficient examination to visualize extra-adrenal locations. The preliminary results of MRI to distinguish between PAL and adrenocortical carcinoma should be confirmed. Further studies are needed to establish an optimal strategy for the management of these primary adrenal lymphomas.

Our data showed that Type 1 diabetes was not associated with an increased prevalence of steatosis. Moreover, our study provided no specific arguments concerning a link between liver fat content and diabetic complications in patients with Type 1 diabetes.

Despite differences in health-care structures across Europe, delays in referral to specialist foot care teams seems to be a common theme. There is an ongoing need to educate GPs, nurses and patients to be more aware of the risk of DFU, and the need for prompt referral to specialist diabetic foot teams.