Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse) is considered an umbrella species for sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) landscapes in western North America. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined sage-grouse unwarranted for protection under the Endangered Species Act (1973) because of conservation actions in priority areas. Understanding seasonal movements is key to delineation and assessment of priority conservation areas. We monitored radiomarked sage-grouse from 1998 to 2013 throughout Utah, USA, to determine seasonal movements. Maximum distances from nearest lek to nesting, summer, and winter locations across all radiomarked grouse averaged 2.20 km (90th percentile ¼ 5.06 km), 3.93 km (90th percentile ¼ 8.45 km), and 3.76 km (90th percentile ¼ 7.15 km), respectively. Maximum movements from nest to summer, nest to winter, and between summer and winter locations across all radiomarked grouse averaged 5.77 km (90th percentile ¼ 13.60 km), 11.77 km (90th percentile ¼ 26.36 km), and 14.75 km (90th percentile ¼ 30.77 km), respectively. Maximum distance from lek of capture to summer locations was greater for males than females, whereas females moved farther than males from lek to winter and summer to winter locations. Adult females moved farther than yearlings from lek to nest and summer to winter areas. The state of Utah's Sage-Grouse Management Areas included approximately 85% of the radiotelemetry seasonal locations and >95% when weighted by lek counts. Our results suggest that seasonal movements could be facilitated by increasing usable habitat space through management actions, as emphasized in Utah's sage-grouse plan. Ó 2016 The Wildlife Society.

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Anthropogenic infrastructure can negatively affect wildlife through direct mortality and/or displacement behaviors. Some tetranoids (grouse spp.) species are particularly vulnerable to tall anthropogenic structures because they evolved in ecosystems void of vertical structures. In western North America, electric power transmission and distribution lines (power lines) occur in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) landscapes within the range of the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended using buffer zones near leks to mitigate the potential impacts of power lines on sage-grouse. However, recommended buffer distances are inconsistent across state and federal agencies because data are lacking. To address this, we evaluated the effects of power lines on sage-grouse breeding ecology within Utah, portions of southeastern Idaho, and southwestern Wyoming from 1998–2013. Overall, power lines negatively affected lek trends up to a distance of 2.7 and 2.8 km, respectively. Power lines died not affect lek persistence. Female sage-grouse avoided transmission lines during the nesting and brooding seasons at distances up to 1.1 and 0.8 km, respectively. Nest and brood success were negatively affected by transmission lines up to distances of 2.6 and 1.1 km, respectively. Distribution lines did not appear to affect sage-grouse habitat selection or reproductive fitness. Our analyses demonstrated the value of sagebrush cover in mitigating potential power line impacts. Managers can minimize the effects of new transmission power lines by placing them in existing anthropogenic corridors and/or incorporating buffers at least 2.8 km from active leks. Given the uncertainty we observed in our analyses regarding sage-grouse response to distribution lines coupled with their role in providing electric power service directly to individual consumers, we recommend that buffers for these power lines be considered on a case-by-case basis. Micrositing to avoid important habitats and habitat reclamation may reduce the potential impacts of new power line construction.

Delineation, protection, and restoration of habitats provide the basis for endangered and threatened species recovery plans. Species recovery plans typically contain guidelines that provide managers with a scientific basis to designate and manage critical habitats. As such, habitat guidelines are best developed using data that capture the full diversity of ecological and environmental conditions that provide habitat across the species' range. However, when baseline information, which fails to capture habitat diversity, is used to develop guidelines, inconsistencies and problems arise when applying those guidelines to habitats within an ecologically diverse landscape. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sagegrouse) populations in Utah, USA, reflect this scenario-published range-wide habitat guidelines developed through a literature synthesis did not include data from the full range of the species. Although all sagegrouse are considered sagebrush obligates (Artemisia spp.), the species occupies a diversity of sagebrush communities from shrub-dominated semideserts in the southwest to more perennial grass-dominated sagebrush-steppe in the northeast portions of their distribution. Concomitantly, local ecological site and environmental conditions may limit the ability of managers to achieve broader range-wide habitat guidelines. We combined microsite habitat vegetation parameters from radiomarked sage-grouse nest and brood locations with statewide spatially continuous vegetation, climatic, and elevation data in a cluster analysis to develop empirically based sage-grouse habitat guidelines that encompass the range of ecological and environmental variation across Utah. Using this novel approach, we identified 3 distinct clusters of sagegrouse breeding (i.e., nesting and early brood-rearing) and late brood-rearing habitats in Utah. For each cluster, we identified specific vegetation recommendations that managers can use to assess sage-grouse breeding and late brood-rearing habitat. Our results provide relevant guidelines to Utah's sage-grouse populations and are feasible given the unique ecological variation found therein. This approach may have application to other species that occupy diverse habitats and physiographic regions.

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Forecasting spatial patterns of mountain pine beetle (MPB) population success requires spatially explicit information on host pine distribution. We developed a means of producing spatially explicit datasets of pine density at 30-m resolution using existing geospatial datasets of vegetation composition and structure. Because our ultimate goal is to model MPB population success, three study areas in the western United States that have experienced recent MPB outbreaks were used for evaluation. Pine density estimates for each study area were compared to measures of cumulative MPB-caused pine mortality summarized from annual Aerial Detection Surveys (ADS). ADS data provide spatial and temporal representations of MPB-caused pine mortality collected by observers in fixed wing aircraft and are the most readily available estimates of landscape-scale impacts of MPB. Regression analyses using LANDFIRE ecological systems classifications (EVTs) as units of analysis showed that the best pine density estimates explained 75 to 98% of cumulative MPB-caused tree mortality. LANDFIRE EVTs, which provide an index of the plant communities growing in a particular 30-m cell, effectively delineate distinct vegetation types that are meaningful suitability indicators for MPB-caused tree mortality. Our analyses suggested that available geospatial vegetation datasets derived from field data and remotely sensed imagery are useful for producing spatially explicit measures of pine density for use in landscape-level modeling of MPB dynamics.