Between 1984 and 2002, pulmonary metastases were detected in 42 (4%) out of 1,023 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in our department. The age at diagnosis ranged from 6 to 77 years. Lung metastases were diagnosed by both increased thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and positive uptake of iodine-131 on scans, and/or positive radiological findings. The primary tumours were histologically classified as papillary (30 patients), follicular (nine patients) and poorly differentiated (two tall cell, one insular carcinoma). The duration of follow-up ranged from 24 to 228 months. The end-results of the (131)I therapy were evaluated. The treatment of choice was (131)I therapy of metastases after total thyroidectomy plus lymph node dissection (if lymph node metastases were present). Applied single and total (131)I activities were 1.8-10.4 GBq and 5.5-43.7 GBq, respectively. Lung metastases were present at the time of diagnosis in 30 patients and developed during the follow-up period in the remaining 12. Twelve patients with extensive metastases died of thyroid carcinoma and another died due to secondary malignancy (malignant mesothelioma). Ten patients with lung metastases remain completely free of disease and are probably cured, while another seven were stable at the time of study. Three- and five-year survival rates were 86% (36/42) and 76% (32/42), respectively. To define the diagnostic value of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and identify the distinctive features of lung metastases from DTC, 22 patients were further examined with HRCT within 2 weeks of the initial diagnosis of lung metastases and the results were compared with chest X-ray findings. HRCT detected metastases in 10 out of 14 patients with a normal chest X-ray and confirmed metastases in all patients with positive (n=5) and suspicious (n=3) chest X-ray. HRCT did not show any abnormalities in four patients with positive lung uptake on (131)I whole-body images. Stage of disease, existence of distance metastases other than to the lung, and HRCT characteristics were significant prognostic variables. Lung metastases from DTC can be cured with (131)I therapy in a considerable number of patients, especially when they are not associated with other distant metastases; they should therefore be treated at an early stage. HRCT clearly improved diagnostic ability in the evaluation of lung metastases compared with chest X-ray and should be the primary method when radiological correlation is needed. The main, and new, finding of the study is that HRCT not only improves diagnostic ability but is also of prognostic value.
The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of 18F-FDG PET/CT on initial staging and therapy planning in patients with invasive breast cancer. One hundred and forty-one consecutive, biopsy proven preoperative and 195 postoperative high-risk breast cancer patients who were referred for PET/CT for initial staging were included in this retrospective study. The clinical stage had been determined by conventional imaging modalities prior to the PET/CT scan. Of the 141 examined preoperative patients, 19 had clinical stage I (T1N0), 51 had stage IIA (12 T2N0 and 39 T1N1), 49 had stage IIB (2 T3N0 and 47 T2N1), 12 had stage IIIA (11 T3N1, 1 T2N2), 2 had stage IIIB (2 T4N1) and 8 had stage IV. PET/CT modified the staging for 26% of stage I patients, 29% of stage IIA patients, 46% of stage IIB patients, 58% of stage IIIA patients and 100% of stage IIIB patients. PET/CT scans detected extra-axillary regional lymph nodes in 14 (9.9%) patients and distant metastasis in 41 (29%) patients. PET/CT scans detected multifocal lesions in 30 (21%) patients, multicentric lesions in 21 (14%) patients and malign foci in the contralateral breast (bilateral breast cancer) confirmed by biopsy in 5 (3.5%) patients. Of the examined 195 postoperative patients PET/CT detected axillary lymph nodes in 22 (11%) patients, extra-axillary regional lymph nodes in 21 (10%) patients and distant metastasis in 24 (12%) patients. PET/CT findings altered plans for radiotherapy in 22 (11%) patients and chemotherapy was adapted to the meta-static diseases in 24 (12%) patients. PET/CT was revealed to be superior to conventional imaging modalities for the detection of extra-axillary regional metastatic lymph nodes and distant metastases. These features make PET/CT an essential imaging modality for the primary staging of invasive breast cancer, particularly in patients with clinical stages II and III.
TCV has a higher incidence of local or distant metastasis and mortality rate. Thus, it must be treated with the highest possible I ablation doses and followed up carefully.
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