Background Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Belgian government has implemented various infection prevention and control measures. This study assessed the extent to which the general population in Belgium adhered to these measures, and which determinants were associated with adherence. Methods We undertook an internet survey among a sample of the Belgian population, representative for sex, age, socio-economic status and province. The questionnaire included various demographic, socio-economic and health-related questions, and also drew upon the Protection Motivation Theory as a theoretical framework to measure levels of perceived severity, vulnerability, perceived usefulness of the measures (response efficacy), perceived personal capacity to adhere (self-efficacy), and past and future adherence. Data were collected in Dutch and French, the main languages of Belgium. Results Our study was carried out in September 2020, and the number of respondents was 2008. On average, respondents provided high scores for each of the measures in place in September in terms of response efficacy (range of 3.54–4.32 on 1 to 5 Likert-scale), self-efficacy (range of 3.00–4.00), past adherence (4.00–4.68) and future adherence (3.99–4.61). The measure that overall received the highest scores was wearing a face mask in public spaces, while ‘the social bubble of 5’ generally received the lowest scores. There was a statistically significant relationship between response efficacy and self-efficacy on the one hand and (past and future) adherence on the other hand, in a multivariate model corrected for confounders. Vulnerability and severity did not show statistical significance. Conclusion Risk communication regarding COVID-19 should place a stronger emphasis on helping people understand why implemented measures are useful and how they can be put into practice, more than on increasing fear appeals.

Summary This scoping review aims to give a narrative account of existing realist evaluation practices in health promotion. Realist evaluations of health promotion interventions published between 2010 and 2021 were identified by searching five academic databases: Embase, Pubmed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect and Scopus. A data-charting form was created based on the characteristics of realist evaluation and four core features of an approach appropriate for evaluating health promotion interventions. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. These were classified into two types of studies: those aiming to build an initial program theory and those aiming to test an initial program theory. Our results revealed a great variety of realist evaluation practices and uncovered a growing interest in realist evaluation over the years. Our searches identified a lack of participative practice and capacity-building intention. Our examination of the data collection and analysis methods points to some common practices in using multi-methods. Perspectives on realist evaluation practices and on assessing the effectiveness of health promotion have been identified.

Définir un cadre de prévention et de promotion de la santé est un enjeu majeur par la Région wallonne qui a hérité depuis 2014 de ces compétences. Une première partie d’un Plan Prévention et Promotion de la Santé a été élaborée en 2017, permettant de définir les priorités régionales en santé. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter le processus de construction pour ses composantes opérationnelles et de discuter des enjeux de l’implémentation d’un tel cadre d’action sur un plan politique et de démarche participative. En prenant appui sur la première partie du Plan, l’administration régionale a identifié 11 groupes de travail thématiques qui ont rassemblé plus de 150 partenaires. Un guide méthodologique développe les chaines « objectifs de santé-objectifs spécifiques-actions » désirées, le cadre de priorisation des actions basé sur des critères de pertinence, de cohérence et de faisabilité ainsi que sur la prise en compte d’objectifs plus transversaux. Le Plan opérationnel repose sur des valeurs et des principes qui constituent les fondements des pratiques des acteurs. La proposition de programmation est structurée en 6 axes qui comportent un complément au diagnostic de situation, des principes d’intervention et une programmation opérationnelle. Il a aussi été élaboré un cadre d’implémentation, de gestion et de suivi, d’évaluation et de mise à jour du Plan. Le temps politique n’est pas le même que le temps nécessaire à une planification de qualité. Ce travail de programmation, basé sur des dimensions participatives, a été incomplet de par les limites du processus qui ont influencé les contenus. Bien que les propositions soient en majorité issues d’actions existantes, il faut souligner que les participants ont vu dans le Plan l’opportunité d’innover et de pallier certains manques ressentis actuellement en Wallonie en termes de prévention et de promotion de la santé.