We report the controlled polymerization of methyl acrylate in the presence of elemental copper at room temperature in a nonpolar solvent. As in single electron transfer (SET) living radical polymerization with nonactivated Cu(0), uncontrolled polymerization is observed early in the reaction. In the absence of marked disproportionation of copper(I) in our system, we propose that copper(0) is oxidized to copper(I) while activating the initiator, which triggers uncontrolled polymerization. Copper(I) then reacts with the alkyl halide initiator to generate active species and copper(II), leading to the establishment of the equilibrium between copper(I) and (II). Delaying the addition of monomer until the initial equilibrium between copper(I) and (II) is established, or addition of a small amount of TEMPO, as radical scavenger for the initial uncontrolled propagating radical species, prevent the early loss of control in polymerization. The system provides high chain end fidelity, and the polymers generated can be chain extended with high efficiency. This system displays many similarities to ICAR, with the reaction between RBr and Cu playing the role of the radical initiator. Use of copper(0) also has the advantage that only a very small amount of catalyst is utilized to mediate polymerization, and the copper catalyst is easily removed by filtration.
The metal catalyzed polymerization of methyl methacrylate using Cu(0) as the catalyst source has been investigated in toluene. This work looks at polymerizations in a non-polar medium allowing control over the molecular weight and polydispersity with a 4-fold reduction in catalyst concentration versus conventional ATRP, while the use of an active ligand allows the reaction to proceed at room temperature. The use of an excess of PMDETA ligand allows for high conversions, and the addition of a small amount of CuBr(2) enhances living characteristics, enabling efficient chain extension.
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ABSTRACT:A new metallocene-based polymerization mechanism is elucidated in which a zirconium hydride center inserts α-methylstyrene at the start of a polymer chain. The hydride is then regenerated by hydrogenation to release a polyolefin containing a single terminal α-methylstyrenyl group. Through the use of the difunctional monomer 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, this catalytic hydride insertion polymerization is applied to the production of linear polyethylene and ethylene-hexene copolymers containing an isopropenylbenzene end group. Conducting simple radical polymerizations in the presence of this new type of macromonomer leads to diblock copolymers containing a polyolefin attached to an acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl ester or styrenic segments. The new materials are readily available and exhibit interfacial phenomena, including the mediation of the mixing of immiscible polymer blends.
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