Much of Europe’s remaining wilderness areas are found in Iceland, yet few are formally protected despite ongoing threats from renewable energy exploitation and 4 × 4 usage. Robust and repeatable approaches are required to map wilderness landscape qualities in support of developing policy on designations that meet international standards. We present an approach to mapping wilderness that is based on internationally recognised methods and customised to suit the unique nature of Icelandic landscapes. We use spatially explicit models of wilderness attributes that measure human impact from vehicular access, land use and visible human features rather than relying on proxy measures such as buffer zones. Seventeen wilderness areas are identified across the Central Highlands and surrounding areas, totalling some 28,470 km2. These are compared to existing mapping projects. The character of these areas is described using additional spatial data models on openness, ruggedness and accessibility from settlements, together with information on mobile phone coverage and grazing patterns. This is the most detailed mapping of wilderness in Iceland to date and an important step towards the formal definition of boundaries of wilderness areas meeting IUCN Category 1b and Wild Europe Working Definition in Iceland.
Experiments in Life-Writing Intersections of Auto/ Biography and Fiction y Covers a broad range of biographical, autobiographical, and hybrid practices in a variety of national literatures Sheds light on the broad range of auto/biographical experimentation and innovation in modern Europe y Features an interview with award-winning biographical novelist Janice Galloway This volume examines innovative intersections of life-writing and experimental fiction in the 20th and 21st centuries, bringing together scholars and practicing biographers from several disciplines (Modern Languages, English and Comparative Literature, Creative Writing). [...] Contents Introduction; Lucia Boldrini and Julia Lajta-Novak.-1. Ford Madox Ford and Modernist Experiments in Biography; Max Saunders.-2. Beckettian Tone versus Narrated Memory in B.S. Johnson's Trawl; Andy Wimbush.-3. Journeys of Discovery in Jackie Kay's Red Dust Road; Pietra Palazzolo.
In August 1835, the NewY ork Sun published as erialized account of John Herschel's lunar discoveries, supposedly written by his assistant, 'Dr.AndrewGrant'. Herschel the younger had, the Sun claimed, developed 'a telescope of vast dimensions and an entirely new principle'w hich allowed him to examine the moon at ap reviously unknown magnification. There, the account continued, he was able to observe flora and fauna in tremendous detail, including the behaviour of human-liket hough unrefined creatures: 'Wes cientifically denominated them as Ve spertilio-homo,o r man-bat; and they are doubtless innocent and happy creatures, notwithstanding that some of their amusements would but ill comport with our terrestrial notions of decorum'( Figure1 ). 1 Subsequent observations revealed architecture, evidenceo f civilization and even religion, which invited interpretation and conjecture:
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