Maternal healthcare remains a major challenge to the global public health system, especially in developing countries. Access to appropriate health care including skilled birth attendance at delivery and timely referrals to emergency obstetric care services can greatly reduce maternal deaths and disabilities, yet women in Niger East Senatorial continue to face limited access to skilled delivery services. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design using multi-stage sampling methods to achieve the required sample size of one thousand four hundred and forty-five (1,445) respondents. Questionnaires were administered to women of reproductive age (15-49 years), who are married. The respondents were selected from the sampled local government in Niger State. All the interviews were administered face-to-face ensuring 100% completion of the copies of the questionnaires. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was also used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that: socioeconomic index, who takes decision on health matter and religion were determinants of access to maternal health service. Women in households with high socioeconomic index are more likely to access maternal health services than those in households with low socioeconomic index (p<.001). Furthermore, women in households where men monopolized decision making are less likely to access maternal health services than women where joint decision is taken (p<.001). The higher the level of education of a woman the greater her access to maternal health services in health facility (p<.001). Finally, the study showed that there is high prevalence of maternal mortality rate in the study area, poverty is identified as one of the major barriers to accessing maternal health services and high illiteracy level among women is responsible for inability to access maternal health services.
We assessed the abundance and diversity of avian species in two distinct habitats types; main campus area (human inhabited) and adjoining heavily degraded savannah grassland. By employing Jaccard/Tanimoto Coefficient of Similarity, we tested whether bird species assemblage will differ between the two habitats, while Shannon Weiner Diversity Index was used to determine the level of diversity between sites. Line transect assessment generated a total of 1035 individuals of 69 avian species from 53 genera and 32 families. The most diverse avian fa mily was Estrildidae with nine (9) avian species, followed by Columbidae with six (6), while Falconidae, Nectriniidae, and Turdidae families had a record of four (4) species each. Five families (Ardeidae, Malaconotidae, Ploceidae, Silviidae, Sturnidae) and five families (Accipitridae, Bucerotidae, Capitonidae, Viduidaeand Psittacidae) followed with three (3) and (2) species respectively. Seventeen (17) families were each represented by a single species. Jaccard/Tanimoto Coefficient revealed that species composition differed between the two habitats with a similarity coefficient of 66.7 %, while Shannon Weiner Diversity Index was 1.56 and 1.67 for human inhabited (HI) and degraded savannah (DS) habitats respectively. The proximity to a natural savannah habitat albeit degraded has positive implications for avian diversity in the study area. We recommend more exclusion of human activities such as fuel wood harvesting and land grab for farming as this has grave consequences for the thriving population of species that are sensitive to human presence and urbanization.
The Company framework of workplace infectious disease control used for our global preparedness and response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa is presented. Results and lessons learned are described from a global perspective; including their contribution in mitigating the Ebola outbreak risk for workers and disruption to Company's global operations (not just those in Ebola affected countries). Using the existing Company emergency support approach and integrating workplace infectious disease control aspects, headquarters interfaces were established for Ebola support to locations in West Africa and globally. Company management coordinated the support to sites while working with representatives from the medical, safety, security, law, human resources, and public and government affairs departments. The World Health Organization road map for Ebola was adapted for support to affiliates and for periodic reviews with operations in West Africa. Global scalable guidance measures included awareness, travel recommendations, site screening, case management and collaboration with industry, governments, international experts and health care providers. Early in 2014, Company disease surveillance system recognized the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. The management was engaged and a global coordinated response initiated. As a result, periodic communications across Company organizations and sites were organized. Emergency Support Groups (ESG) at headquarters and locations in West Africa were convened to monitor the outbreak, prevent workplace case occurrence and prepare for the response. The implementation of recommended measures was periodically reviewed, indicating effective execution and management of identified gaps. Targeted relocation of dependents and staff was arranged. The business continuity plans (BCP) for Company sites outside West Africa were revisited. Global guidance for travelers coming from or going to affected countries was issued. Guidelines for marine terminals receiving ships were developed. External interfaces with other International Oil Companies, expert community representatives such as the US Centers for Disease Control and local health authorities were instrumental in tailoring the Company approach for Ebola, including appropriate investments to help address community needs. Engagement of Company senior management was critical, as well as working with the business community, health experts and governments. Integrating an infectious disease control program within Company systems and processes was essential for a sustained and effective response. Considering Ebola and other infectious disease risks, using standardized measures built into Company organizations and levels is essential. ESGs and management engagement are necessary for adequate internal and external coordination. Leveraging existing tools such as BCP and disease outbreak management plans facilitates readiness and response. Workforce communications are fundamental for adequate workplace preparedness which is best verified through drills. External expert engagement is critical for technical knowledge and effective interface with country health systems.
Objectives / scope A framework of Company's strategic and calculated preparedness and response to outbreaks with diminished adverse outcomes is presented. It is based on Nigeria Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak and its potential impact on country oil and gas operations. It describes the model of engaging stakeholders in all stages of an outbreak, culminating in lessons learned. Methods, procedures, process The EVD outbreak had potential for cataclysmic impact on workers, families and communities in Nigeria. The Company leveraged on a hybrid of outbreak management framework based on a pre-existing infectious disease outbreak management, pandemic planning and stakeholder engagement. A series of partnerships was established to provide an effective response towards protecting workers and their families; including working partnerships with Ebola Emergency Operations Center (EEOC), International SOS, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Baylor College of Medicine. In-house capacity building was enhanced and included training Company healthcare staff in safeguarding their health and safety, while establishing ‘fever assessment’ centers. Results, observations, conclusions The strategic preparedness and response is described with the successful partnerships and enhanced alignment of key objectives, between in-country management, internal and external stakeholders. Communication and coordination with Company headquarters and external experts resulted in extensive training of health care providers and development of risk-based educational material for workers and dependents. In total about 1400 employees and healthcare providers were trained. The Company also achieved 100% worksite screening procedures which were implemented throughout the duration of outbreak resulting in no loss time recorded due to the outbreak. Provision of support to Nigerian government including efforts on contact tracing, led to the national recognition of Company for her community investments. Positive and proactive influence by partnering with the oil and gas industry and government to respond to the outbreak, ensuring robust business continuity planning and testing, showed the company's dedication to honoring commitment to our partners and stakeholders whilst protecting the workers and families. Paper benefits The experiences and lessons learned are important to share widely. They will assist others in the industry as preparations are made to attain readiness to deal with future public health challenges (not just EVD). An effective response requires the establishment of several partnerships across a wide range of stakeholders
Purpose: The unprecedented global pandemic from Covid-19 infection has generated significant chaos to humanity in both health wise and as well as economically. Thus, there have been no specific pharmacological and antiviral therapeutic option to date available for covid-19 management. For these reasons, there have been urgent needs to discover an effective medicine for preventive, and eradication methods due to the hash nature of death toll from this novel corona virus infection. Methods: Repurposing of selection, characterization of bacteria through genomic / traditional, phytochemical and fermentation methods base anti covid-19 drugs discovery. Thus, these approaches and techniques is essential to provides a better lead or otherwise. Results: Taking a bold step of faith to approach the techniques for Covid-19 methods, the results for microbiological screening of bacterial reveals that Bacillus sp (spore former, motile, rod (+) was pin-point to have the highest colony followed by Pseudomonas sp alongside with Klebsiellas sp(Capsule formers ,motile and rod (+)) and the least were found with both shigella sp (none motile, Rod (-ve) and Staphylococcus sp (cocci (+). Phytochemical screening of different plants both in qualitative and quantitative methods using Raphanu satinus, Neem (Azadirachata indica), Bagaruwa (Acacia nilotica), Moringa (Moringa oleifera) etc., respectively contain all the natural antioxidant, bioactive compounds, vitamins as well as an appreciable amount of micronutrient/ macronutrient for combatting covid-19 pandemic. Further investigation through fermentation processes were accentuated with time differences have reveal microbial crude proteins (%), pH and dry matter values have significant changes to all the specific species. Thus, there were significant increase in proteins, pH values decrease as well as dry matter decreases in this order% Protein< pH>DM respectively. Originality: in view of this current investigation anti covid-19 leads translated through microbial screening, phytochemical as well as fermentation processes could overcome the current challenges of covid-19 pandemic therapy. Considering the immense potential of phytochemical, microbiological and fermentation processes, this article summarizes the present status of the research carried out on their anti-covid-19 activities with its limitation and futuristic direction to foster drug discovery.
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