The recent escalation in leakages of classified information (CI) has attracted sustained interest from information security scholars and practitioners alike. CI is sensitive information that must be protected from being accessed by unauthorised persons. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify the key factors that influence CI leakages in Institutions of Higher Learning (IHL). In doing this, we conducted a literature survey with a meta-analysis of 19 articles to identify the Key Predicting Factors (KPFs) that influences CI assurance in IHL. The factors found are categorised to organisational (communication structures), regulatory (enforceability), human (social norms, self-efficacy, training, and awareness of being monitored), and technological (internet of data, access control and storage control). These factors were validated via Delphi method to ascertain its consistency by information security experts. This research contributed to the knowledge by identifying KPFs influencing CI violation in IHL. In view of all factors that have been mentioned so far, there is no single information security theory/model that covers all identified KPFs. Therefore, we suggested for the development of a security violation prevention model to safeguard CI in IHL using KPFs.
Background: Trypanosomiasis is a disease of vertebral animals caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. It is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affecting about 36 countries of Sub-saharan Africa, threatening more than 60 million people and 70 million animals. Chemotherapy is the major means of controlling African trypanosomiasis is limited by rapid drug resistance, toxicity and high cost. There is an urgent need for therapeutic agents that are effective, affordable, and accessible to the rural poor people in Africa who are greatly affected by the disease. This study aimed to determine the in vivo effect of stem bark methanol extract of Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica) on experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in Wistar rats. Methods: Phytochemical analysis, and LD50 determination were carried out using standard procedures. Three (3) days pre-patent period was observed after inoculating the rats with the parasite. Parasitemia was monitored daily while the Parked Cell Volume (PCV) was determined at one-day intervals during the infection course. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates, steroid/triterpenes, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, glycosides, and anthraquinones. The toxicity of the stem bark methanol extract was tolerable at 1200 mg/kg body weight. Methanol extract of A. nilotica (stem bark) showed promising curative potential in vivo against Trypanosoma brucei brucei at 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg body weight. These doses completely cured the experimental T.b.b infection in Wistar rats after 3 days of treatment. Significant reduction (p<0.05) in the parasite burden confirmed by the absence of anaemia (PCV 48.1% ±1.5% and 46.4% ±1.3% respectively) was observed when compared with the “infected but not treated” control group (normal saline group). Conclusion: Based on these observations, it was therefore deduced that the methanol extract of Acacia nilotica stem bark extract possessed the active ingredient that cures experimental T. brucei brucei infections in Wistar rats.
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