Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from Agave tequilana residues derived from ethanol production. Hemicelluloses and lignin extraction from agave bagasse was carried out via organosolv (ethanol/acetic) digestion followed by conventional sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The ethanol/acetic acid treatment resulted in cellulose yields of approximately 67% after lignin and ash removal. Compared to soda and sodium chlorite treatments with organosolv, the time and chemical load needed for delignification were remarkably reduced. The morphology of the cellulose fiber obtained in the three treatments was between 0.55 and 0.62 mm, with which CNC was obtained in the order of 83 to 195 nm in length. It is noteworthy that the longest cellulose fibers and nanocrystals were obtained from organosolv cellulose. The organosolv treatment led to a high purity cellulose, derived CNCs with a minimum energy consumption and mild chemical usage, and also considered the use of material streams associated with distillation processes. Thus, a viable alternative is suggested for the production of high quality CNC from widely available residual biomass that otherwise poses environmental and health-related risks.
ResumenEste trabajo presenta una alternativa de uso industrial del pinzote (centro leñoso del racimo de banano) como fuente de fibra para la estructuración de papel. El pinzote se considera residuo agroindustrial en los países productores de banano, material que representa el 2.8 % del racimo en la variedad de Musa balbisiana y el 4.4 % en la de Musa acuminata. Por sus características similares a la del bagazo caña de azúcar, se utilizó un proceso químico similar al empleado para obtener fibras a partir de este material. El proceso de obtención de fibras se llevó a cabo de acuerdo a un diseño experimental factorial, diseño que permite relacionar variables las independientes (tiempo de cocción, concentración de reactivo) en cuatro niveles con variables independientes (rendimiento, consumo de reactivos, rechazo y lignina residual). El pinzote de Musa acuminata requiere menor temperatura y reactivo para liberar las fibras con respecto al pinzote de Musa balbisiana. Por lo tanto, el rendimiento en fibra para Musa acuminata es mayor al de Musa balbisiana. Palabras claves: pinzote, lignina, tiempo de cocción, Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana RACHIS of Muse balbisiana and Muse acuminata as Source of Fibers for Paper Structure AbstractThis work presents an alternative of industrial use of the banana rachis (the woody center of the cluster of bananas), as source of fibers for the structure of paper. Banana rachis is considered to be an agroindustrial residue in producing countries of banana it represents 2.8 % of the cluster of Muse balbisiana and 4.4 % of the cluster of Muse acuminata. The physical and chemical structure of the rachis is almost simliar to that of the sugar cane so a chemical process similar to that employed to obtain fibers from the sugar bagasse cane was used. An experimental factorial design that allows the correlation of independent variables (cooking time, reagent concentration) in four levels with response parameters (yield, reagents consumption, rejects and residual lignin) was adopted. The rachis of Muse acuminata needs lower temperature and less reagent consumption to liberate fibers in comparison with the rachis of Muse balbisiana. Therefore yield of the fibbers from Musa acuminata is major than that of the fibbers from Musa balbisiana.
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