The influence of stakeholder pressure on the adoption of environmental practices has been established in the literature. In this paper we posit that these direct effects are further mediated, causally, by the level of training in companies. Theoretically, this relationship is supported by the relationship between institutional theory (stakeholder pressure) and the dimensions of dynamic capabilities in resource‐based theory. We investigate this relationship within the Spanish automotive industry. The theoretical contribution of this paper focuses on further supporting the relationship between stakeholder and resource‐based theory as complementary theoretical frameworks. The practical implications focus on whether or not training should be integrated in order to help in the adoption of particular environmental practices, which in this study are represented by environmentally oriented reverse logistics practices.

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyze the existence of differences in the implementation of environmental practices between companies that possess some form of certified environmental management system (ISO 14001 or EMS) and those that do not have any such system. This study also investigates whether companies with a certified EMS are also making additional environmental demands on their suppliers. Design/methodology/approach -An empirical study utilizing survey data from automotive supplier organizations was completed. A total of 157 in-person interviews were conducted with managers of Spanish companies which are automotive supplier organizations. Logistic regressions and non-parametric tests are used to evaluate hypotheses. Findings -A positive relation was found to exist between the possession of certified EMS, specifically ISO 14001 and eco-management and audit scheme, and the environmental demands that these organizations impose on their suppliers. This finding implies that environmental concern spreads upstream in the supply chain. The environmental demands on suppliers increase with customer organization size, but the degree of internationalization, measured by the rates of imports and exports, does not show a significant relationship to these pressures.Research limitations/implications -The study is limited to a single (important) industrial sector and cannot be directly extrapolated to other industries. Originality/value -There is a paucity of research that relates the adoption of certified EMS by companies to the adoption and implementation of environmental practices in their own organizations and in supply chain partners. This is the first such study to be completed for the automotive industry.

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Researchers and practitioners frequently spend more time fine-tuning algorithms than designing and implementing them. This is particularly true when developing heuristics and metaheuristics, where the “right” choice of values for search parameters has a considerable effect on the performance of the procedure. When testing metaheuristics, performance typically is measured considering both the quality of the solutions obtained and the time needed to find them. In this paper, we describe the development of CALIBRA, a procedure that attempts to find the best values for up to five search parameters associated with a procedure under study. Because CALIBRA uses Taguchi’s fractional factorial experimental designs coupled with a local search procedure, the best values found are not guaranteed to be optimal. We test CALIBRA on six existing heuristic-based procedures. These experiments show that CALIBRA is able to find parameter values that either match or improve the performance of the procedures resulting from using the parameter values suggested by their developers. The latest version of CALIBRA can be downloaded for free from the website that appears in the online supplement of this paper at http://or.pubs.informs.org/Pages.collect.html.