Aim:We evaluated the periodontal health status and oral health behavior among hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to assess the association of COPD with dental health.Materials and Methods:A group of 100 hospitalized patients with COPD and a group of 100 age, sex, and race-matched control patients were included in this study. Detailed case histories along with standardized measures of oral health including gingival index, plaque index (PI), and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI) were estimated and compared. Probing depths and clinical attachment levels (CALs) were recorded at four sites per tooth. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in saliva and serum were also measured.Results:The study subjects had similar demographics and distribution in either group. Patients with COPD had significantly lower brushing frequency, poor periodontal health (OHI and PI), greater gingival inflammation, and deeper pockets/CALs compared to controls. Further COPD patients had significantly higher serum and salivary CRP levels compared to control groups.Conclusions:Lower brushing frequency, poor oral health, and presence of destructive periodontal disease were observed among patients with COPD, which warrants promoting dental care and oral health knowledge as an integrated approach to treating COPD patients.
Tobacco consumed either in the form of smoke or smokeless is hazardous to the human body. Death toll due to tobacco globally, has risen to about 6.4 million annually, and is on a constant increase. Since long, tobacco consumption has been attributed to a variety of factors including geographical variation, cultural factors and other associated variables. Earlier tobacco was considered as a taboo, but with advent of 21st century and commercialization of tobacco it has been prevalent among males and females. Global adult tobacco survey (GATS) in India 2016-17 revealed that there has been drop of 34.1% tobacco consumers in India, mainly due to the increasing awareness and anti-tobacco campaigns and tobacco hazards warning on the packs. Analysing the changes in trends by healthcare professionals can prove to be a valuable tool in devising strategies to control and limit the morbidity and mortality caused due to tobacco consumption.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is defined as a clinically and genetically diverse cluster of illnesses involving conflict in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Periodontitis is a complex condition with several causes. The interaction between these two conditions appears to be cyclical as well as bidirectional. Gingival crevicular blood obtained through routine periodontal oral assessment could be utilised for blood glucose estimation. Aim: To examine the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood elicited during routine periodontal probing as a reliable source for screening of diabetes mellitus, and to compare it with finger capillary blood and venous capillary blood in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, in-vivo, clinical study was conducted in the Department of Periodontology at Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, from January 2021 to January 2022. The study included 50 patients, who were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis in the age range ≥30 years, and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A prior detailed history was compiled. The clinical parameters recorded were sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level. Each patient’s blood samples were collected from three different sites, Gingival Crevicular Blood (GCB) collected from gingival crevice, Finger Capillary Blood (FCB) collected from finger bed and and Venous Capillary Blood (VCB) collected from forearm for determining the blood glucose levels. Glucose levels were compared by oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Karl Pearson’s correlation was used for the comparison. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used for statistical analysis and p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) was 5.5±0.61 mm and 6.76±0.82 mm, respectively. The mean Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) score was 1.41±0.25 and 1.45±0.21, respectively. The mean GCB, FCB, and VCB glucose level of the subjects were 171.58±85.63 mg/dL, 179.14 ±80.31 mg/dL and 186.96±87.57 mg/dL, respectively. There was no statistical difference seen among the three methods thus, either of the methods can be used for measuring blood glucose levels for screening of diabetes mellitus in chronic periodontitis patients (p-value= 0.66). Posistive correlation between FCB and VCB (r-value=0.976, p-value<0.001). VCB and GCB when correlated showed strong positive and highly statistically significant results (r-value= 0.934, p-value<0.001). Similarly, GCB and FCB showed a positive correlation (r-value=0.920, p-value<0.001) which was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: The results suggested that the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood when compared with finger capillary blood and venous capillary blood glucose levels showed positive correlation, suggesting either can be used in dental clinics for diabetic screening purpose without any extra invasive procedures.
Introduction: Patients with periodontitis are significantly more likely to have undetected diabetes mellitus (DM). Self‑monitoring devices like glucometers provide a simple method for rapid monitoring of the glucose level in blood by utilizing a blood sample from the finger, but this method requires puncturing to obtain blood. Bleeding from the gingival sulcus, obtained during oral hygiene examination, can be utilized for screening DM patients. Therefore, this study was performed with the aim of determining the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood as a non-invasive screening method for DM patients, as well as correlating and comparing gingival crevicular blood glucose (GCBG) levels with finger capillary blood glucose (FCBG) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) among non-diabetic and diabetic group patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study, a total of 120 participants having moderate to severe gingivitis/periodontitis with an age range of 40 to 65 years were divided into two groups on the basis of FBG range taken from an antecubital vein: non-diabetic (≤126, n=60) and diabetic (≥126, n=60) groups. Blood oozing during the routine periodontal examination from the periodontal pocket was recorded using a test strip of a glucose self-monitoring device (AccuSure ® Simple) as GCBG. Concomitantly FCBG was collected from the fingertip. These three parameters were statistically analyzed using the Student's t-test and the one-way ANOVA test and correlated with Pearson's correlation coefficient for both groups. Results: The mean and standard deviation for the three parameters GCBG, FBG, and FCBG were 93.78±12.03, 89.98±13.22, and 93.08±15.56, respectively, for the non-diabetic group and 154.52±45.05, 159±47.00, and 162.23±50.60 subsequently for the diabetic group. Comparing glucose level parameters among the non-diabetic and diabetic groups suggests a significant difference with the p-value <0.001*(inter-group). ANOVA test was done for both groups suggesting no significant difference among these three methods of measuring blood glucose level, where the p-value found was 0.272 for the non-diabetic and 0.665 for the diabetic group (intra-group comparison). Pearson's correlation values suggested a good positive correlation for the non-diabetic group, with parameters GCBG and FBG (r=0.864), GCBG and FCBG (r=0.936), and FBG and FCBG (r=0.837). The diabetic group's Pearson's correlation suggested a highly significant positive correlation between three different methods in which GCBG and FBG (r=0.978), GCBG and FBG (r=0.977), and FBG and FCBG (r= 0.982). Conclusion: Blood oozing from the periodontal pocket during routine oral hygiene examination can be utilized by dental healthcare professionals to screen pre-diabetic patients which can be used as a simple and less invasive method for DM patients.
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