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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are organic pollutants and synthetic compounds and have adverse effects on human health. In this study, we investigated whether Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), one of many PAEs, has adverse effects on rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated daily by oral gavage with vehicle (corn oil) or DEHP at a dose of 3000 mg/kg/day for 15 days. The results showed that DEHP caused hepatotoxicity in rats. When compared with the control group, relative liver weights, and serum alanine, aminotransferase levels significantly increased after DEHP exposure. Hepatocyte swelling and degeneration were also found in DEHP-exposed rats. This study proposes an effective intelligence framework for the prediction of DEHP poisoning. The framework is designed by integrating an enhanced Harris hawks optimization (HHO) with a support vector machine (SVM), which is called SGLHHO-SVM. The core characteristic of the developed methodology is the SGLHHO algorithm that integrates the levy mechanism and two core operators abstracted from the salp swarm algorithm and grey wolf optimizer to enhance and restore the search capabilities of the HHO. The presented SGLHHO approach is used to tackle the key parameter pair optimization of the SVM, and it is also utilized to grab the optimal feature subset. Regarding the optimal feature subset and the pair parameter simultaneously, SGLHHO-SVM can autonomously predict the DEHP poisoning. The developed SGLHHO was conducted on 23 benchmark problems and compared with other state-of-the-art and competitive methods. The results demonstrate that the designed SGLHHO performs superior to other competitors on most benchmark problems. Furthermore, the proposed SGLHHO-SVM is also compared with other machine learning algorithms on a real-life DEHP sampled data. Statistical results verify the proposal can show better predictive property and higher stability on all for metrics. Therefore, the SGLHHO-SVM may be served as a potential computer-aided tool for the prediction of DEHP poisoning. INDEX TERMS Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate; Hepatotoxicity; Support vector machine; Harris hawks optimization; Salp swarm algorithm; Grey wolf optimizer.

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has spread rapidly across the world, leading to the insufficiency of medical resources in many regions. Early detection and identification of high-risk COVID-19 patients will contribute to early intervention and optimize medical resource allocation. Using the clinical data from the Affiliated Yueqing Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Yueqing, China), an evolutionary support vector machine model is designed to recognize and discriminate the severity of the COVID-19 by patients basic information and hematological indexes. The support vector machine is a frequently used pattern classification tool affected by both the kernel parameter setting and feature selection for its classification accuracy. This study recommends an enhanced Slime Mould Algorithm (ESMA), mixing a new movement strategy of white holes, black holes, and wormholes, to perform parameter optimization and feature selection simultaneously for SVM. Therefore, the proposed SVM framework (ESMA-SVM) can also obtain highquality classification results, and it is less prone to stagnation in the classification process. To verify the capabilities of the proposed methodology, first, the performance of the ESMA is thoroughly verified by using IEEE CEC2017 benchmark functions and the diversity and compared with other similar methods experimentally using these standard benchmark functions. Moreover, the balance between diversification and intensification capability of the enhanced ESMA and the original SMA is also investigated statistically. Finally, the designed model ESMA-SVM and other competitive SVM models based on other optimization algorithms are applied to early recognition and discrimination of COVID-19 severity. Through the analysis of experimental results, the core compensations of ESMA are confirmed, and the ESMA-SVM can obtain strong performance in terms of several performance evaluation indexes on discrimination of COVID-19 severity.

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