Introduction Low back pain as the most common skeletal disorder worldwide is experienced by 50% to 80% of people at least once in their lifetime (1,2). In addition to upper respiratory system diseases and headache, low back pain is the third leading cause of physicians' visits (3). Although many factors are involved in causing low back pain, but some jobs can increase the risk. In other words, physical and psychological factors in the work environment can somehow play a role in causing low back pain (4). In jobs such as nursing, driving, and laboring, due to frequent changes in posture, lifting heavy loads and bending, the prevalence of low back pain is more than other jobs (3,5). Low back pain is identified as one of the most common complaints in nurses with an estimation of 38%-67% in the American nurses, 73%-76% in German nurses, and 9.38% in nurses in Hong Kong (6-10). Low back pain can cause occupational disabilities, increased cost of care and treatment, loss of productivity, and absence from work (3,11). Gender is an influential factor in this area, however, the impact of factors such as age, duration of activity and smoking cannot be disregarded (12-15). Although the cause of low back pain can be detected through patient complaints, clinical examinations, laboratory tests and medical imaging, but the main reason behind it is somewhat difficult to detect. Therefore to reduce the incidence of back pain, risk factors should be identified and preventive policies should be considered. This is significantly important not only for the treatment and medical costs that this incidence place on the health care system but also due to the critical role of nurses in public health. Thus, in this study, we examined the prevalence of low back pain and influential factors in its development among nursing staff in 2012. Methods This was a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of low back pain among nurses working in Poursina hospital, Gilan, Iran, during March and April 2012. Based

Background: Fairness is an important and controversial issue when allocating public resources. People need to be arrived early to the hospitals when they are injured in traffic accidents. Both the mean and equity of the time of arriving to the hospital are important. The aim of this study was to investigate of equity in arrival time of emergent accidental patient to hospital in 2018-2019 in a city in North of Iran.Methods: This study was a Descriptive-analytical study. In this study we extracted the information from Guilan province trauma system data for Poursina Hospital in Rasht in 2018 and 2019. Data included information on age, sex, level of education, place of residence, time of transfer from the scene of the accident to the hospital, type of vehicle, marriage and occupation. The Gini coefficient was used to calculate equity in access to pre-hospital emergency services and regression models were estimated for inequity in time to receive hospital services. Results: The study showed that the mean and standard deviation of patients' arrival time from the time of the accident to the time of arrival at the hospital was 64.48 ± 47.63 minutes (minimum 9 minutes and maximum 462 minutes). Gini coefficient was 0.31 (p <0.001) which shows in the Rasht city has a relative and appropriate equity when the patient arrives. The contribution of each factor using the regression model indicated the existence of a part of the inequity due to the way the patient was transferred. The transfer time of patients by car was 40 minutes longer (p-value <0.001) and by other methods (except ambulance and car) was 26 minutes longer (p = 0.036). In children, the transfer time was 42 minutes less (p = 0.003). Other variables did not explain the inequity (p> 0.05)Conclusion: According to the time of arrival of patients and Gini index, in Rasht, equity in providing services is in a good condition. This indicates that the emergency department does not systematically transport people to the hospital late.

Introduction: Despite the advances in medical technology and preventive programs, the incidence of pressure ulcers during hospitalization is increasing. This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of bedsores among hospitalized patients in a hospital in the north of Iran. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients (n=244) with pressure ulcers admitted to Poursina Hospital, Rasht, Iran, within more than 48 h. The information of patients, such as age, gender, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, length of hospital stay, and body mass index were gathered from the patient's hospital records. Ulcer evaluation was performed using the Braden Scale. The collected data were analyzed in Stata software version 14.1 using mean and standard deviation to describe the quantitative variables and numbers and percentages for qualitative variables. Results: Based on the findings, among all patients, 1.2%of the cases had pressure ulcers. The mean age of patients was obtained at 61.7±18.6 years. It was revealed that the frequency of pressure ulcers was higher in elderly patients. The history of diabetes had a significant positive relationship with pressure ulcers and Braden score. However, no significant relationship was observed between the history of smoking and ulcers. There was a significant inverse relationship between hypertension history and pressure ulcers and Braden score, meaning that the score was lower in patients with hypertension history. It was also found that patients with high BMI had a lower and significant score than patients with low BMI. A significant relationship was present between the length of hospitalization and the degree of bedsores. In the ulcers of the scapula, the Braden score was significantly higher. Conclusion: Pressure ulcer was more common in patients aged over 60 years. The subjects with diabetes had a 5 times higher degree of pressure ulcers, and the prolonged hospitalization increased the degree of ulcer. Patients with high BMI had less, while significant pressure ulcers, compared to patients with low BMI.