With advancements in the automated industry, electromagnetic inferences (EMI) have been increasing over time, causing major distress among the end-users and affecting electronic appliances. The issue is not new and major work has been done, but unfortunately, the issue has not been fully eliminated. Therefore, this review intends to evaluate the previous carried-out studies on electromagnetic shielding materials with the combination of Graphene@Iron, Graphene@Polymer, Iron@Polymer and Graphene@Iron@Polymer composites in X-band frequency range and above to deal with EMI. VOSviewer was also used to perform the keyword analysis which shows how the studies are interconnected. Based on the carried-out review it was observed that the most preferable materials to deal with EMI are polymer-based composites which showed remarkable results. It is because the polymers are flexible and provide better bonding with other materials. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyaniline (PANI), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are effective in the X-band frequency range, and PDMS, epoxy, PVDF and PANI provide good shielding effectiveness above the X-band frequency range. However, still, many new combinations need to be examined as mostly the shielding effectiveness was achieved within the X-band frequency range where much work is required in the higher frequency range.

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Lanthanum substituted Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5LaxFe1-xO4; 0.00 ≤x≤ 1.00) synthesized by sol-gel method were presented. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the typical single phase spinel cubic ferrite structure, with the traces of secondary phase for lanthanum substituted nanocrystals. In addition, the structural analysis also demonstrates that the average crystallite size varied in the range of 21–25 nm. FTIR spectra present the two prominent absorption bands in the range of 400 to 600 cm-1 which are the fingerprint region of all ferrites. Surface morphology of both substituted and unsubstituted Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticle samples was studied using FESEM technique and it indicates a significant increase in the size of spherical shaped particles with La3+ substitution. Magnetic properties of all samples were analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results revealed that saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) of La3+ substituted samples has decreased as compared to the Ni-Zn ferrite samples. Hence, the observed results affirm that the lanthanum ion substitution has greatly influenced the structural, morphology and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles.

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Abstract-An electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material based on the composite of BaFe 12 O 19 , polyaniline (PANI) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was proposed. The constituents of the composite were brought together through mechanical mixing and the in-situ polymerization of aniline on the BaFe 12 O 19 and MWCNT surfaces. A series of composite with different MWCNT wt% loadings (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25wt%) was prepared, and its effect on the EMI shielding performance was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on all synthesized composites to confirm the phase formations. FESEM micrographs reveal the PANI particle formation on both BaFe 12 O 19 and MWCNT surfaces. Electromagnetic measurements were done by using a rectangular waveguide connected to a network analyser to obtain the permeability, μ r , permittivity, ε r , and shielding effectiveness (SE A and SE R ). The increase in the MWCNT loading results in the enhancement of the composite's shielding performance to a certain limit. Optimum EMI shielding performance is shown by sample PBM4 (20wt% MWCNT) with SE R and SE A values of 5.14 dB at 8.2 GHz and 36.41 dB at 12.4 GHz, respectively. The influence of different MWCNT loadings (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25wt%) on the EMI shielding performance of a composite consisting of BaFe 12 O 19 , polyaniline (PANI) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were investigated.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) with different nanoparticle (NP) sizes was prepared and synthesized by using the sol-gel method with organic precursor, followed by the characterization of the ZnO nanoparticle by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to identify the effect of nanoparticle sizes of ZnO on the viscosity of the nanofluid. The impact of nanoparticle sizes on EOR was investigated. Results showed both viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT) increased with the nanoparticle size.

Advancement of novel electromagnetic inference (EMI) materials is essential in various industries. The purpose of this study is to present a state-of-the-art review on the methods used in the formation of graphene-, metal- and polymer-based composite EMI materials. The study indicates that in graphene- and metal-based composites, the utilization of alternating deposition method provides the highest shielding effectiveness. However, in polymer-based composite, the utilization of chemical vapor deposition method showed the highest shielding effectiveness. Furthermore, this review reveals that there is a gap in the literature in terms of the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods. The results further reveal that within the past half-decade machine learning methods, including artificial neural networks, have brought significant improvement for modelling EMI materials. We identified a research trend in the direction of using advanced forms of machine learning for comparative analysis, research and development employing hybrid and ensemble machine learning methods to deliver higher performance.

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