Purpose-High-technology exports, with their high added value, are considered as one of the determinants of growth in recent years. The increasing competitiveness of developing countries in international markets depends on the country's capacity to produce and export high-tech products. Therefore, the export of high technology products is especially important for the economic growth and development of the countries. In this study, the effects of the causality analysis on the economic growth of high-technology exports in Turkey has been investigated. Methodology-Granger Causality Analysis was used to determine the direction of the relationship and the results of the variance decomposit ion were evaluated. VAR model is primarily applied in the model in order to determine the short-term causality relationship between the variables while the analysis is performed with the Granger causality, impulse-response and variance decomposition methods. Findings-After 1980, Turkey has transitioned from import substitution to export-oriented industrialization strategies and largely completed the liberalization process during 1990s. Important policies for industrialization have been implemented by improving the export structure within the scope of competitive advantages. When the impulse-response and variance decomposition results are evaluated together, the outcome is consistent with the Granger Causality Test results where high-technology export is effective on GDP. Conclusion-In conclusion, it was found out that high technology exports affect economic growth. Therefore, Turkey has to put more emphasis to increase high technology shares in its exports and incentivize high technology production.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. Although there is no consensus on the relationship between foreign direct investment flows and economic growth in the literature, a growing view in recent years shows that foreign direct investments have contribution on economic growth. These investments act as a main factor for the economic growth of both developed and developing countries. Panel data analysis is used for the empirical study for evaluating the relationship between foreign direct investments and GDP. Data from 14 OECD countries for GDP and foreign direct investments for the 1990-2017 period is used. According to the results of the study, a positive relationship between foreign direct investments and economic growth was identified.
The use of counterfeits of luxury brands has become a phenomenon in Turkey in recent years since they are the most significant facilitator for consumers to reach luxury consuming products. Limited number of studies in the literature shows that consumers prefer counterfeits of luxury brands for a variety of reasons. Within this study, it is believed that perceived value of products in consumers' minds and consumers' materialistic tendencies demonstrating the worth attached to physical assets could have an impact on their purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands. Within this framework, this study aims to identify the effect of perceived value on consumer purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands and the moderating role of materialism in this effect. Data of the study are being collected through face-to-face survey method with university students who have bought and used counterfeit products before. Exploratory Factor Analysis is carried out for construct validity and reliability of the research model, and relationships between variables are measured with Hierarchical Regression Analysis to test the model. The result expected to be reached based on the findings of the study is to be able to present whether the relationship between consumers' perceived value of counterfeit products and their purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands are dependent on consumers' materialistic tendencies. Therefore, it is envisaged that consumers who have high materialistic tendencies will show more purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands compared to consumers having low materialistic tendencies when they perceive high value for counterfeit products. However, it was found that materialism did not have any moderating role in the effect of perceived value of counterfeit products on purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands.
Startups are the key actors of today’s entrepreneurship ecosystem. They are technology-based firms purposing to grow up rapidly and become scalable in the global market. The main failure of startups is mostly not to pay attention to market intelligence and customer orientation. Thus they are probably having bankruptcy at short notice. Recently, startups are very popular worldwide and subject to research mostly in the United States of America and other developed countries. Yet academic studies on startups are very rare in developing countries like Turkey. In this empirical study, the dimensions of market orientation and firm performance of 141 startups operating in Ankara are investigated. The analysis is based on the effects of responsive market orientation and proactive market orientation on financial performance, market performance and innovative performance. It is aimed to obtain results for managerial implications and to contribute to the literature.
Education has a vital role in improving youth employment. Increasing youth unemployment rates and the high share of the unemployed educated young population indicate that the labor market cannot create good job opportunities. This study analyzes the relationship between youth unemployment and education in countries with a high level of youth unemployment but having different characteristics: Turkey and Spain. The analysis was conducted using Johansen Cointegration tests. The results indicate no unidirectional causal relationship from enrollment in higher education towards youth unemployment rate in Turkey and Spain. Besides, it has been observed that the increase in the higher education schooling rate does not decrease youth unemployment. The results showing the relationship between youth unemployment and education will be crucial in designing policies to improve job markets for youth.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de turizm gelirleri ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki, 1980-2016 dönemine ilişkin yıllık veriler kullanılarak VAR analizi yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye'de turizm gelirleri ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişkinin tespitinde eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada yapılan analiz sonuçları, kısa ve uzun dönemde iki değişken arasında turizm gelirlerinden ekonomik büyümeye doğru bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna göre turizm gelirlerinin, ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
E-marketing orientation is a new era of marketing where digital solutions are integrated into marketing activities. This integrated marketing approach has been the preferred approach for many businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic. It is believed that e-marketing activities can provide a solution to the financial contraction caused by the pandemic crisis with cost advantage and ease of access. For this purpose, the study examined the orientation of 100 companies operating in OSTIM Organized Industrial Zone of Ankara province to e-marketing activities together with the Covid-19 pandemic process. At the same time, the effect of e-marketing orientation on the profitability of firms and the role of firm turnover in this relationship were investigated. In this context, quantitative analyses were carried out by collecting cross-sectional data from companies using the survey method. According to the results obtained, while there is a positive and significant relationship between e-marketing orientation and profitability, it has been revealed that turnover has a mediator role on this relationship. While the effect of e-marketing orientation is higher in companies with low turnover; this effect is also lower in companies with high turnover. It is desirable that the remarkable results revealed by the study contribute to both field researchers and marketing managers.
ÖzetYurt dışı pazarlarda faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin, müşteri memnuniyetini öncelik sayarak geliştirdiği ürün stratejileri, ürün standardizasyonunu ve adaptasyonunu kapsamaktadır. Stratejiler, farklı dinamikleri içeren uluslararası pazar çevresinin etkisi altında şekillenmektedir. Pazarlama yöneticileri, hitap ettikleri ülkelerdeki çeşitli faktörleri detaylı bir şekilde analiz ederek standardizasyon ve adaptasyon kullanımında derecelendirmeye gitmektedir. İşletmelerin özellikle son yıllarda küresel pazarlarda ürün kararlarını verirken uyguladıkları stratejinin "küresel düşünüp yerel hareket etmek (glokal yaklaşım)" şeklinde olduğu görülmektedir. Küresel pazarlarda faaliyette bulunan birçok işletme, benimsedikleri bu yaklaşım sayesinde pazardaki etkinliklerini ve paylarını sürekli olarak arttırmakta, başarıyı yakalamakta ve kazanan olmaktadır.Bu kapsamda araştırmanın amacı da, küresel pazarda önemli bir yere sahip olarak dünyanın en büyük hızlı tüketim ürünleri işletmelerinden biri olan Unilever'in, gıda sektöründe başarılı bir seyir izleyen markası Knorr hazır çorba ile ürün stratejileri bakımından Türkiye pazarında uyguladığı faaliyetlerinin standardizasyon ve adaptasyon çerçevesinde incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesidir. İşletmenin iki üst düzey yöneticisi ile yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeden elde edilen bulgular göstermektedir ki; Knorr, Türkiye pazarındaki hazır çorba ürünleri için hem adaptasyon hem de standardizasyon uygulamalarına yer vererek ürün stratejileri açısından karma bir yaklaşım olan glokalizasyonu uygulamaktadır.
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