Peru is one of the world’s leading fishing nations and its seafood industry relies on the trade of a vast variety of aquatic resources, playing a key role in the country’s socio-economic development. DNA barcoding has become of paramount importance for systematics, conservation, and seafood traceability, complementing or even surpassing conventional identification methods when target organisms show similar morphology during the early life stages, have recently diverged, or have undergone processing. Aiming to increase our knowledge of the species diversity available across the Peruvian supply chain (from fish landing sites to markets and restaurants), we applied full and mini-barcoding approaches targeting three mitochondrial genes (COI, 16S, and 12S) and the control region to identify samples purchased at retailers from six departments along the north-central Peruvian coast. DNA barcodes from 131 samples were assigned to 55 species (plus five genus-level taxa) comprising 47 families, 24 orders, and six classes including Actinopterygii (45.03%), Chondrichthyes (36.64%), Bivalvia (6.87%), Cephalopoda (6.11%), Malacostraca (3.82%), and Gastropoda (1.53%). The identified samples included commercially important pelagic (anchovy, bonito, dolphinfish) and demersal (hake, smooth-hound, Peruvian rock seabass, croaker) fish species. Our results unveiled the marketing of protected and threatened species such as whale shark, Atlantic white marlin, smooth hammerhead (some specimens collected during closed season), shortfin mako, and pelagic thresher sharks. A total of 35 samples (26.72%) were mislabeled, including tilapia labeled as wild marine fish, dolphinfish and hake labeled as grouper, and different shark species sold as “smooth-hounds”. The present study highlights the necessity of implementing traceability and monitoring programs along the entire seafood supply chain using molecular tools to enhance sustainability efforts and ensure consumer choice.
<p>El manglar es uno de los ecosistemas costeros más deteriorado a nivel mundial. En el presente caso, su funcionamiento ecológico depende en parte de la actividad de la especie clave: Ucides occidentalis. Este cangrejo ha sido sobreexplotado en los manglares del Perú. La fuerte reducción de su población (hasta 35,8% en 11 años) puede hacer necesario cultivar larvas de este cangrejo para repoblar los manglares. Sin embargo un adecuado repoblamiento requiere conocer su diversidad genética y estructura genética poblacional. Es por ello que en esta investigación se propuso determinar estos aspectos de U. occidentalis en el manglar de Tumbes, Perú. Un total de 56 ejemplares de U. occidentalis fueron colectados, de los cuales se obtuvieron 42 secuencias nucleótidas de un fragmento del gen COI. Los resultados indicaron un alto nivel de diversidad genética (evaluada a través del número de haplotipos: 30, frecuencia del haplotipo más frecuente: 14,29%, diversidad de haplotipos: 0,9721; promedio de diferencias en nucleótidos: 4,396 y diversidad nucleótida: 0,00810), así como una baja estructura genética poblacional evaluada mediante AMOVA (variabilidad genética entre poblaciones: 4%).</p>
We report the results of a longitudinal, cross‐sectional study on the prevalence of some of the most important shrimp pathogens in wild shrimp located near Tumbes, the most productive shrimp farming area in Peru. Two enteric pathogens (Baculovirus penaei, BP and Hepatobacter penaei, NHP) and two systemic pathogens (infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, IHHNV and white spot syndrome virus, WSSV) were detected in wild shrimp Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus stylirostris. Shrimp (n = 9,030) were collected from seven tidal channels of mangrove over 9 months (April through December) during 2012 through 2016. Screening for H. penaei, BP, IHHNV and WSSV were conducted by PCR or qPCR following the OIE‐recommended methods. The prevalence of these pathogens was below 3% during the study period, with the prevalence trend being BP > H. penaei > WSSV > IHHNV. The overall trend in IHHNV, H. penaei and WSSV prevalence was similar in both species, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei (p > .05). It was interesting to note that BP prevalence was significantly higher in P. stylirostris than P. vannamei (p < .001). The presence of the enteric and systemic pathogens in the wild shrimp population partially explains the presence of the diseases in the nearby shrimp farming areas, which confirms the risk of wild shrimp as a potential carrier for shrimp pathogens in Tumbes, Peru.
ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficiencia en la inducción al desove de la gonadotropina coriónica humana sobre especies de robalo (Centropomus spp.) en cautiverio; intentando la dosis de 1000 UI/k de biomasa. Los ejemplares provinieron de diversos Canales de marea y esteros de la región, que fueron transportados a la FIPCM de la UNTumbes para ser identificados y acondicionados. Inicialmente se capturaron animales grandes que se lesionaron durante la captura, y por el estrés no lograron sobrevivir. En un segundo intento se capturaron individuos menores de 20 cm de longitud total, colocados en un estanque de 2 ha por cuatro meses luego se seleccionaron los 19 individuos más grandes para evaluar su crecimiento y observar los signos de inicio de maduración sexual, para esto se colocaron en estanques rectangulares de cemento en grupos de tres con temperatura y pH controlados. Se midió mensualmente el crecimiento. No se observaron indicios de maduración luego de dos meses se les aplicó 1000 UI de GCH por kg de peso corporal y se trasladaron a estanques circulares de fibra de vidrio de 1,2 m de diámetro para observar los cambios que pudieran presentarse. No se observaron cambios después de la aplicación hormonal, la única explicación es que los individuos aún no estaban lo suficientemente maduros para recibir el estímulo. Palabras clave: Centropomus; inducción hormonal; GCH. AbstractThe aim of this research was to determine the efficiency in spawning induction of human chorionic gonadotropin on the species of snook (Centropomus spp.) in captivity; trying the dose of 1000 IU/ k of biomass. The specimens came from different tidal channels and estuaries of the region, which were transported to the FIPCM of the UNTumbes to be identified and conditioned. Initially large animals were captured and injured and the following stress, they did not survive. In a second attempt, individuals of less than 20 cm in total length were captured, then were placed in a two ha. pond for four months at the end of which the 19 largest individuals were selected to evaluate their growth and observe the signs of sexual maturation onset, for this they were placed in rectangular cement pools in groups of three, with controlled temperature and pH. The growth was monitored monthly, during all this time there were no signs of maturation. After two months, 1000 IU of HCG per kg of body weight were applied and the individuals were transferred to 1.2 m diameter fiberglass circular ponds to observe the changes that might occur. No changes were observed as a consequence of the hormonal application; the only explanation is that the individuals were not yet mature enough to receive the stimulus.
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