We studied 12 tumours from 11 Chinese patients with primary nasal lymphoma for presence of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA, using Southern-blot analysis. These results were correlated with immunophenotype and T-cell receptor (TcR) or immunoglobulin gene rearrangement patterns. EBV DNA was detected in all nine tumours with a 'T' phenotype, in both primary and secondary sites. When the structure of the viral genomic termini was studied using the EcoRI-Dhet probe, a single clonal episomal band was demonstrated in five tumour samples, with one other case showing a biclonal pattern. However, none of these cases showed clonal rearrangement of TcR beta chain gene, and TcR gamma rearrangement was found only in one. The lineage of these phenotypic 'T' lymphomas therefore require further studies for confirmation. Two out of three B-lymphomas were also EBV DNA+; clonal EBV DNA was found in one. Their B-lineage was confirmed by detection of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. The association of EBV with an increasing number of lymphomas of different types highlights the need for continued study into its role in oncogenesis.
In many criminal justice systems, there is a clear separation for juvenile and adult defendants. However, those in between, referred to as emerging young adult defendants (ages 18-25 years), are treated as adult defendants despite a growing recognition that emerging adulthood is a distinct period in the life course. The aim of this present study is to investigate the experiences and challenges faced by emerging young adult defendants ( N = 25) in Hong Kong's adult criminal justice process. Through in-depth semistructured interviews, it was found that emerging young adult defendants demonstrated a lack of understanding regarding their rights and the legal procedures, faced stress in being caught up in the criminal justice process, and were susceptible to influence by others, particularly family members, in making legal decisions. Implications and future directions of study are discussed.
Pre‐trial detention plays an important, and often contentious, role in the criminal justice process. Legal theorists have gone to great lengths to distinguish between preventive detention and punishment with respect to pre‐trial detention, as it would violate the principle of retribution and the presumption of innocence if yet‐to‐be convicted defendants were subjected to punishment. Nonetheless, the experiences of detainees remains an understudied area. The purpose of this article is not to dispute whether pre‐trial detention is, or can be justified as, a form of punishment, but it is to show that pre‐trial detention, at least in the minds of detained defendants, is punitive. Drawing on interviews with a sample of previously‐detained defendants in Hong Kong, it is found that they experience censure (stigma) and hard treatment during their time in pre‐trial detention. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
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