SUMMARYKnowledge of genetic diversity of confectionary sunflower can have a large impact on its use in breeding programmes. However, levels and distribution of genetic variation within the confectionary sunflower gene pool are still not adequately explored. The aim of the present paper was to describe the diversity of 68 confectionary sunflower genotypes: open-pollinated varieties, lines and hybrids. A total of 32 morphological traits were used for characterization. The Shannon & Weaver diversity index (H) was estimated as a measure of morphological diversity. The mean value of the Shannon index was 0·71, which indicates a high morphological diversity. The lowest diversity was found for leaf descriptors, moderately high to high for seed traits, while the highest values were found for disc flowers and ray florets. The highest individual descriptor diversity was found for: head attitude, the angle of leaf lateral nerves and ray floret disposition. The homogeneity analysis (HOMALS) multivariate reduction technique for nominal categorical data proved to be an efficient method for a comprehensive overview of genotype diversity and group homogeneity. Besides diversity, the number of categories and uniformity of genotype distribution determines discriminative power of descriptors. Traits that contributed the most to the distinction of genotypes were identified, enabling differentiation of genotypes with similar phenotypic attributes. The highest discriminative power was observed in traits such as anthocyanin colouration of stigma (DFIA), seed colour of stripes and seed main colour. The genotypes tested formed two distinctive major groups of varieties and hybrids with inbred lines widely dispersed along both axes. A separate grouping was obtained per the most discriminative traits based on HOMALS analysis, while the best separation was obtained using DFIA. Isolated genotypes that may not be representative by yield or seed-specific traits can be useful sources of traits for breeding. Morphological characterization can be used to improve description and classification of confectionary sunflower germplasm when evaluating diversity.
Influence of edaphic factors and metal content on diversity of Trichoderma species at 14 different soil sampling locations, on two depths, was examined. Forty-one Trichoderma isolates from 14 sampling sites were determined as nine species based on their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Our results indicate that weakly alkaline soils are rich sources of Trichoderma strains. Also, higher contents of available K and P are connected with higher Trichoderma diversity. Increased metal content in soil was not inhibiting factor for Trichoderma species occurrence. Relationship between these factors was confirmed by locally weighted sequential smoothing (LOESS) nonparametric smoothing analysis. Trichoderma strain (Szeged Microbiology Collection (SZMC) 22669) from soil with concentrations of Cr and Ni above remediation values should be tested for its potential for bioremediation of these metals in polluted soils.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is often grown in sites with low rainfall and high temperature during grain filling. Because spike architecture is one of basic footprints of barley domestication, the importance of spikes in adaptation to different environments or abiotic stresses can be hypothesised. In order to compare different barley spike types in terms of kernel growth and yield components, we tested 15 two-row and 10 six-row winter genotypes in eight environments where terminal drought was simulated by defoliation at 7 days after heading (7 DAH). Control plants were grown intact. On average, two-row genotypes outyielded six-row genotypes by 17% under control conditions and 33% under simulated late drought. Observations of kernel dry weights from 7 DAH through to harvest maturity at 5-day intervals were regressed onto a measure of thermal time. After preliminary evaluation of four nonlinear (S-shaped) models for kernel dry-weight accumulation, the ordinary logistic model was deemed the most appropriate in most cases and was finally applied to all plant-growth curves. Four parameters were estimated from the logistic model. Whereas two earliness estimators (inflection point and thermal time needed to reach maximum kernel weight) were similar for the two barley types, maximum kernel weight (Ymax) and mean rate of kernel growth (RG) were higher (P<0.05) in two-row than in six-row barleys. Differences in Ymax and RG among six-row barley genotypes were greater between control and defoliation treatments than between years, whereas among two-row barley genotypes, differences between years were greater, suggesting better stability of six-row types and better drought tolerance of two-row types in the tested barley set.
The subject of this paper is analysis of the tendencies and forecast of the prices of most significant vegetable crops in Serbia: potato, bean, tomato, pepper, onion, cabbage and watermelon. The aim of the paper is to forecast the absolute prices of the studied vegetables. Time series analysis of vegetable prices expressed in euro per ton (2002-17) was performed by means of descriptive statistics, while adequate ARIMA models were used for price forecasting (2018-22). The analysis of the studied vegetable crops showed that bean had the highest average annual price, while watermelon had the lowest. The price of tomato showed the highest fluctuations over the years, while the lowest were for onion and cabbage. All vegetable crops showed a tendency of absolute increase in prices expressed in euro. Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the market position of vegetables is generally improving, but oscillations will continue to occur.
This paper examines the annual average price of two basic and economically most important cereals in Serbia: wheat and maize. The purpose of this research is to predict the future pricing trends on the basis of the wheat and maize price analysis over a longer period of time.Firstly, the average annual prices expressed in dinars per ton were converted into the prices expressed in EUR. Subsequently, the prices thus obtained were processed using descriptive statistics, and utilized to make predictions for the next five years . The predictions were made using the ARIMA model.The forecast obtained indicates that the prices of maize will not be as stable as those of wheat. In the forecast period, the maize price will range from EUR 127.5 to 134 per ton. In the last two years of the period under consideration, the price of maize will stabilize at around EUR 132 per ton. REZIMEPredmet istraživanja u ovom radu su prošečne godišnje cene dve osnovne i ekonomski najvažnije žitarice u Srbiji: pšenice i kukuruza. Cilj istraživanja je da se na bazi analize cena pšenice i kukuruza u dužem vremenskom periodu predvidi njihovo kretaćnje u budućnosti. U prvom koraku, prosečne godišnje cene koje su izražene u dinarima po toni, prevedene su u cene izražene u evrima. Podaci o prosečnim cenama dobijeni su iz statističkih publikacija, a podaci o prosečnoj vrednosti evra u period od 2002. do 2017. godine od Narodne banke Srbije. Ovako izražene cene prvo su obrađene na osnovu deskriptivne statistike, a zatim su predviđene njihove vrednosti za narednih pet godina . Predviđanje je srovedeno pomoću ARIMA modela. Kada je u pitanju cena pšenice, deskriptivna analiza je pokazala da je prosečna cena pšenice iznosila 135,30 evra/toni, a po godinama se kretala u interval od 90,50 (2005.godine) do 190,85 evra/toni (2012). Cena pšenice pokazuje tendenciju porasta u analiziranom period po prosečnoj godišnjoj stopi od 1,34%. Predviđanje pokazuje relativno stabilnu cenu pšenice koja će se kretati oko 139 evra po toni. Deskriptivna analiza cene kukuruza je pokazala da je prosečna godišnja cena kukuruza iznosila 123,90 evra/t. Po godinama analiziranog perioda kretala se u interval od 77,84 (2006.godine) do 184,04evra/t (2012). I cena kukuruza pokazuje tendenciju porasta po prosečnoj godišnjoj stopi od 2,53%. Predviđanje pokazuje da cena kukuruza nije stabilna kao cena pšenice. U predikcionom period ona se kreće u intervalu od 127,5 do 134 evra/toni. U poslednje dve godine cena kukuruza će se stabilizovati na nivou od oko 132 evra/toni.
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