ResumenEl ritmo de vida actual, tanto sociocultural como tecnológico, ha desembocado en un aumento de enfermedades y padecimientos que afectan las capacidades físico-motrices de los individuos. Esto ha originado el desarrollo de prototipos para auxiliar al paciente a recuperar la movilidad y la fortaleza de las extremidades superiores afectadas. El presente trabajo aborda el diseño de una estructura mecánica de un exoesqueleto con 4 grados de libertad para miembro superior. La cual tiene como principales atributos la capacidad de ajustarse a la antropometría del paciente mexicano (longitud del brazo, extensión del antebrazo, condiciones geométricas de la espalda y altura del paciente). Se aplicó el método BLITZ QFD para obtener el diseño conceptual óptimo y establecer adecuadamente las condiciones de carga de servicio. Por lo que, se definieron 5 casos de estudio cuasi-estáticos e implantaron condiciones para rehabilitación de los pacientes. Asimismo, mediante el Método de Elemento Finito (MEF) se analizaron los esfuerzos y deformaciones a los que la estructura está sometida durante la aplicación de los agentes externos de servicio. Los resultados presentados en éste trabajo exhiben una nueva propuesta para la rehabilitación de pacientes con problemas de movilidad en miembro superior. Donde el equipo propuesto permite la rehabilitación del miembro superior apoyado en 4 grados de libertad (tres grados de libertad en el hombro y uno en el codo), el cual es adecuado para realizar terapias activas y pasivas. Asimismo, es un dispositivo que está al alcance de un mayor porcentaje de la población por su bajo costo y fácil desarrollo en la fabricación.Palabras clave: MEF, Blitz QFD, exoesqueletos, diseño mecánico. AbstractThe pace of modern life, both socio-cultural and technologically, has led to an increase of diseases and conditions that affect the physical-motor capabilities of persons. This increase has originated the development of prototypes to help patients to regain mobility and strength of the affected upper limb. This work, deals with the mechanical structure design of an exoskeleton with 4 degrees freedom for upper limb. Which has the capacity to adjust to the Mexican patient anthropometry (arm length, forearm extension, geometry conditions of the back and the patient's height) BLITZ QFD method was applied to establish the conceptual design and loading service conditions on the structure. So, 5 quasi-static cases of study were defined and conditions for patient rehabilitation were subjected. Also by applying the finite element method the structure was analyzed due to service loading. The results presented in this work, show a new method for patient rehabilitation with mobility deficiencies in the upper limb. The proposed new design allows the rehabilitation of the upper limb under 4 degrees of freedom (tree degrees of freedom at shoulder and one at the elbow), which is perfect to perform active and passive therapy. Additionally, it is an equipment of low cost, which can be affordable to almost all the countr...
Evaluación de la tasa de consumo de oxígeno de (5x3x3), utilizando un respirómetro de 20 L y una bomba de recirculación de agua. Las mediciones del CO fueron realizadas cada 5 min mediante el uso de un oxímetro digital. Los resultados indican que el CO mantiene relación directa con la temperatura del agua e inversa con el peso corporal de los organismos (P < 0,05). Las regresiones entre las variables independientes y el CO se ajustaron a ecuaciones potenciales: CO = 2844,9 P -0,734, CO = 2555,9 P -0,624 y CO = 1945,4 P -0,507 a 21, 26 y 31°C respectivamente; donde P se expresa en kg, obteniéndose altos coeficientes de correlación y determinación. La ecuación resultante del análisis multivariado de regresión lineal múltiple fue: CO = 4,839 -(0,708* P) + (9,106* T). Los resultados ofrecen información para estimar la capacidad de un ambiente acuícola en base a la demanda de oxígeno de C. macropomum, aportando al desarrollo de una acuicultura con mayor sustento técnico. Palabras clave: Colossoma macropomum, consumo de oxígeno, peso, temperatura, respirómetro, acuicultura. Evaluation of oxygen consumption rate of Colossoma macropomum regarding the body weight and water temperatureABSTRACT. Colossoma macropomum is a species in the Amazon region pertaining to the greatest diversity of freshwater fish family Characidae. At the laboratory level, the rate of oxygen consumption of (CO) was determined in a routine metabolism at different body weights: 40, 60, 90, 140 and 250 g (expressed per unit of body mass) and water temperature of 21, 26 and 31°C. The experiment was design as a completely randomized factorial arrangement (5x3x3), using a respirometer of 20 L and a water recirculation pump. CO measurements were recorded every 5 min by using a digital oximeter. It was shown that the CO maintains interaction with body weight (P) and water temperature (T) (P < 0.05). The results indicate that CO remains directly related to water temperature and inversely with body weight of the organisms. The regression between independent variables and CO were adjusted to potential equations: CO = 2844.9 P -0.734, CO = 2555.9 P -0.624 and CO = 1945.4 P -0.507 for 21, 26 y 31°C respectively; where P expressed in kg, yielding high coefficients of correlation and determination. The resulting equation of the multivariate regression analysis was: CO = 4.839 -(0.706* P) + (9.106* T). The results provide information to estimate the capacity in an aquaculture environment based upon the oxygen demand of C. macropomum, contributing to the development of aquaculture with greater technical support.
The structural integrity of a jet pump assembly of a boiling water reactor (BWR) under hydrodynamic loading was evaluated. This arrangement, which has a riser joined with a couple of jet pumps by the transition piece, is part of the reactor recirculation system. It is submerged in water under pressure. The main function is to induce forced flow through the core of the reactor. A dynamic structural analysis was carried out with the finite element method. The first ten modes of vibration and their natural frequencies were calculated. The first five natural frequencies are in the range between 25 Hz and 40 Hz. In this analysis, it was considered that the jet pump assembly is supported at the riser brace. The restrainer bracket keeps together the riser with the two jet pumps and there is free movement at the slip joints.
ResumenEl lenguado Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner) es una especie de gran importancia para Chile y el Perú por su abundancia y alto valor comercial, sin embargo muy poco se conoce sobre su potencial de cultivo en el Perú. Este estudio determina el crecimiento y la fecundidad del lenguado y realiza un análisis de caracteres externos que permita su separación por sexos, tres aspectos importantes del cultivo de organismos acuáticos. Se analizaron 5 caracteres merísticos y 10 morfométricos de 150 ejemplares utilizados para determinar diferencias entre machos y hembras. La edad fue determinada en base a la lectura de anillos en los otolitos, estimando los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy mediante el ploteo de Ford-Walford, en tanto la fecundidad se calculó mediante el conteo de ovocitos de gónadas en estadio IV de madurez. Los caracteres merísticos y morfométricos analizados no permiten separar individuos por sexo, sin embargo, la diferencia observada en cuanto a los orificios anal, urinario y genital presentes en hembras (presenta los 3 separadamente) y machos (sólo 2, anal y urogenital) , si permiten realizar dicha separación en forma rápida y confiable. Las hembras del lenguado presentaron mayor crecimiento que los machos, así la ecuación de von Bertalanffy tiene la forma de: Lt= 101.17(1-e -0.140 (t+ 0.584) ) en hembras y Lt= 60.53 (1-e -0.253 (t+ 0.310) ) en machos. El lenguado es un desovador parcial asincrónico con ovocitos maduros de un diámetro entre 0.665 y 0.805 mm, con una fecundidad total de 2 125 000 huevos por individuo y una relativa de 1 500 huevos por gramo de pez. Se discute el potencial de esta especie para su cultivo comparando el crecimiento y la fecundidad con otras especies de lenguados de ambiente natural y que se cultivan en el mundo. Palabras clave: aspectos biológicos, lenguado Paralichthys adspersus, diferenciación sexual, parámetros de crecimiento, fecundidad. AbstractThe fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner) is a species of great importance for Chile and Peru by its abundance and high commercial value, however little is known about its potential for culture in Peru. This study determine growth and fecundity and analyzes external characters, which permit the sex differentiation in order to know about its potential for culture. Meristic (5) and morphometric (10) characters from 150 individuals were measured and analyzed using linear regressions in order to find differences between sex. Age was determined counting annual rings in otoliths and von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated using the Ford-Walford plot, meanwhile fecundity of females was estimated counting the number of ovocites of mature gonads (stage IV). The morphometric and meristic characters used in the determination of sexual differentiation, did not show significant differences that can be used in the separation of males from females in a easily and confidentially way. However, it was observed differences in relation to the genital, urinary and anal orifices; females show the 3 orifice...
Until now, the most common way to obtain the stress-strain curves for a material is through axial tensile testing. However, in recent years there have been developments on alternative methods for material characterization. In this sense, the bending procedure has proved to be a powerful technique, which allows simultaneous determination of tension and compression stress behavior by the use of bending moment and strain data. The characterization of materials by means of bending data was presented for the first time in 1910 by the German engineer Herbert. Some years later Nadai and Marin developed some research on this procedure. More recently, several researchers (Mayville and Finnie, Laws and Urriolagoitia-Sosa, et.al.) have developed diverse bending methods for the simultaneous determination of tension and compression stress-strain curves. In this paper, three bending methods are analyzed and compared against axial tensile and compressive results. It was decided to apply each one of the bending procedures to bent rectangular cross sections beams made from 6063-T5 Aluminum alloy. The specimens were annealed to eliminate previous loading history and axially pulled to induce a controlled anisotropic behavior (strain hardening and Bauschinger effect). The results obtained by two of the three methods provided great confidence and have certified the application of this new technique to characterize material.
A high-energy mill was designed and built with the purpose of processing magnesium (Mg) powders. The main characteristics of the mill are grinding capacity of 1 kg and demolition elements of 10 kg; it has a distributed form to the interior ten blades of similar geometry, six of which are of the same size and four of them were increased in length in order to avoid the accumulation of the ground material. It has a jacket with a diameter of 240 mm as a cooling system to prevent high temperatures during grinding and possible chemical reactions; likewise, type 304 stainless steel was used for its construction. 10 mills were made during a period of 4, 6, and 8 hours, in order to obtain microparticles; with these particles, an analysis of X-ray spectroscopy was made to verify their physical and chemical characteristics. The outcome shows powder particles with dimensions of 0.1-4 mm, which will be used to the storage and handling hydrogen in the solid state (MgH2).
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