Programming and robotics are resources that can be used as a learning tool for understanding content. However, some teachers are unmotivated due to preconceptions about their difficulties, which hinder their learning and subsequent application in the classroom. This study aims to determine the perception of 195 teachers teaching different grade levels and areas of knowledge on the learning of programming, robotics, and their possibilities of applying them in the classroom. The results show no differences according to the educational stage to perceive adequate skills to learn programming and robotics, although, by area, the teachers of STEAM are considered more capable than the rest. Regarding the introduction of these resources in the classroom, there are no differences according to educational stage. As for differences by area, STEAM teachers stand out, followed by generalist teachers at lower levels (kindergarten and basic school), while there is greater reluctance among teachers of non-STEM areas at higher levels (high school and university and others). It is concluded that the initial perception is similar for teachers of different stages, and with differences with respect to the area, having interesting repercussions on the design of courses.
Problematic use and abuse of the Internet has manifested new risks among adolescents that affect academic, social, and emotional adjustment. In the academic domain, the role of Internet use on school performance and learning is studied, including the level of competence as a factor in this domain. On the social level, we measure how Internet use affects school climate and problems related to bullying. On the emotional aspect, the relationship between Internet use and satisfaction and positive feelings is studied, including wellbeing as a construct part of this domain. To find these relationships, data obtained from the Program for International Student Assessment survey, 2018 edition are used. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the most significant relationships between the aspects studied and Internet use. Internet use includes four independent variables: two on abuse (time of use on a weekday outside of class and on a weekend) and two on problematic use (perception about forgetting time and perceived discomfort if the Internet does not work). The results answer three research questions: (1) how the constructs created relate to the four independent variables on Internet usage, (2) how the observed variables respond to the latent constructs, and (3) how all these constructs are related to each other. These results highlight the need to teach young people to use the Internet in a useful and healthy way, as a preventive measure, and help professionals who detect technology abuse to act with effective measures to prevent the psychological consequences, working on the academic, social, and emotional aspects that have shown the greatest relationship. The problematic Internet use is a complex problem and it is impossible and imprudent to relate it to isolated factors: It is necessary to consider different factors to better understand the problem.
El pensamiento computacional se está evaluando, en la mayoría de los enfoques, a través de elementos de programación. Desde aquí se promueve un enfoque de evaluación desde la resolución de problemas complejos, ya este pensamiento es utilizado como una estrategia de resolución de problemas. En este artículo se valida el constructo teórico de un instrumento de evaluación para medir pensamiento computacional mediante la resolución de problemas complejos, con una batería de pruebas compuesta por 15 ítems. En primer lugar, se describen los principios utilizados para el diseño, principios basados en el enfoque de evaluación de sistemas complejos múltiples y el marco de PISA utilizado en 2012. Posteriormente, se analiza el modelo teórico propuesto de 2 factores: representación del problema y resolución del problema, y varios modelos adicionales con ajustes a partir del modelo teórico. Se determina que el modelo que mejor ajusta es el de 2 factores, coincidiendo con la propuesta teórica. Por último, se realizan análisis, por un lado, de la adecuación de los ítems a cada factor, confirmando así la adecuación de las pruebas, y por otro lado, la correlación entre factores obteniendo un 0,969. Se concluye que el instrumento tiene un grado de validez muy elevado, por lo que resulta adecuado para medir el pensamiento computacional a través de la resolución de problemas.
In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, higher education was forced to review its assessment processes. Competency achievement and academic honesty should be ensured in online assessments. In the Master of Educational Technology and Digital Competences of a Spanish University, the open-book examination model was implemented to respond to the new situation considering the characteristics of authentic assessment (adapted to students, intellectually challenging, related to practice, coherent with the didactic methodology, makes plagiarism difficult). We wanted to analyze the relevance of this change in evaluation. The main objective is to analyze the differences between traditional face-to-face exams from before the pandemic and open-book exams with and without proctoring according to the perception of teachers and students. The research is of an empirical nature and quantitative approach and is based on the responses of 66 teachers and 301 students to a questionnaire with sufficient validity (chi-2/Gl: 2.453, RMSEA: .069, CFI: .99 and TLI: .99), and an Omega reliability coefficient of .882. Comparisons were made between model A: traditional face-to-face examination, model B: open-book examination with proctoring, model C: open book examination without proctoring. The results show that for teachers and students open-book exams with or without proctoring had no significant differences and are more in line with an authentic assessment than face-to-face exams. It is concluded that open-book exams with or without proctoring are suitable for authentic online assessment in higher education. It is recommended to contrast the results in other online university courses and to encourage authentic assessment in higher education institutions.
The objective is to propose a teaching strategy for programming and robotics, to facilitate the acquisition of an effective computational strategy for the resolution of complex problems. For this teaching, a "maker"; approach has been chosen, to facilitate the transfer of knowledge to real contexts. The proposed literature about the cognitive structure of computational thinking has been studied to establish the bases of the study. A course in robotics has been taught, insisting on the cognitive processes of this thinking that are commonly used in problem solving (abstraction, data processing, creation of an algorithm) in each step of the resolution, and encouraging the use of a computational strategy, using the own processes, those not employed in problem solving (decomposition of the problem, automation, parallelism, simulation). To measure it, digital tests have been created based on the multiple-complex-systems approach, used in PISA 2012. The results indicate that computational thinking is applied more easily to the execution of the algorithm than to the representation of the problem. This finding allows us to establish a programming learning process that facilitates the development of computational thinking, focusing first on applying that strategy to the creation of the algorithm and then to the representation of the problem.
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