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Peanut and soybean are members of the Leguminosae family. They are two of the eight foods that account for the most significant food allergies in the United States and Europe. Allergic reactions to other legume species can be of importance in other regions of the world. The major allergens from peanut and soybean have been extensively analyzed and members of new protein families identified as potential marker allergens for symptom severity. Important recent advances concerning their molecular properties or clinical relevance have been made. Therefore, there is increasing interest in the characterization of allergens from other legume species such as lupine, lentil, chickpea, green bean, or pea. As legumes are mainly consumed after thermal processing, knowledge about the effect of such processing on the allergenicity of legumes has increased during the last years. In the present review, recent advances in the identification of allergens from peanut, soybean, lupine, and other legume species are summarized and discussed. An overview of the most recently described effects of thermal processing on the allergenic properties of legumes is provided and the potential IgE cross-reactivity among members of the Leguminosae family is discussed.

Purpose of reviewTo describe recent developments in therapies which target the molecular mechanisms in atopic dermatitis.Recent findingsCurrent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of atopic dermatitis are leading to the stratification of different atopic dermatitis phenotypes. New therapies offer the option to target-specific molecules involved in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Current new therapies under investigation aim to modulate specific inflammatory pathways associated with distinctive atopic dermatitis phenotypes, which would potentially translate into the development of personalized, targeted-specific treatments of atopic dermatitis.SummaryDespite the unmet need for well tolerated, effective, and personalized treatment of atopic dermatitis, the current standard treatments of atopic dermatitis do not focus on the individual pathogenesis of the disease. The development of targeted, phenotype-specific therapies has the potential to open a new promising era of individualized treatment of atopic dermatitis.

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Following the emergency use authorization of the mRNA‐1273 vaccine on the 18 th of December2020,two mRNAvaccinesare in current use for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). For both mRNA vaccines, the phase IIIpivotal trials excluded individuals with a history of allergy tovaccine components.Immediately after the initiation of vaccination in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the US, anaphylactic reactions were reported. While the culprit trigger requires investigation, initial reports suggested the excipient polyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG‐2000) ‐contained in both vaccines as the PEG‐micellar carrier system ‐ as the potentialculprit. Surface PEG chains form a hydrate shell to increasestability and prevent opsonization. Allergic reactions to such PEGylated lipids can be IgE‐mediated,but may alsoresult from complement activation‐related pseudoallergy (CARPA) that has been described insimilar liposomes. In addition, mRNA‐1273 also contains tromethamine (trometamol), which has been reported to cause anaphylaxis to substances such asgadolinium‐based contrast media. Skin prick, intradermal and epicutaneoustests, in vitro sIgE assessment, evaluation ofsIgG/IgM,as well as basophil activation tests are being used to demonstrate allergic reactions to various components of the vaccines.

The pandemic condition Coronavirus‐disease (COVID‐19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can take asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe courses. COVID‐19 affects primarily the respiratory airways leading to dry cough, fever, myalgia, headache, fatigue, and diarrhea and can end up in interstitial pneumonia and severe respiratory failure. Reports about the manifestation of various skin lesions and lesions of the vascular system in some subgroups of SARS‐CoV‐2 positive patients as such features outside the respiratory sphere, are rapidly emerging. Vesicular, urticarial and maculopapular eruptions as well as livedo, necrosis and other vasculitis forms have been reported most frequently in association with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. In order to update information gained, we provide a systematic overview of the skin lesions described in COVID‐19 patients, discuss potential causative factors and describe differential diagnostic evaluations. Moreover, we summarize current knowledge about immunologic, clinical and histologic features of virus‐ as well as drug‐induced lesions of the skin and changes to the vascular system in order to transfer this knowledge to potential mechanisms induced by SARS‐CoV‐2.