East Lansing (U.S.A.) when 7.5% citrate starch was added, compared to non-fortified bread. Changes in product features due to addition of citrate starch could be compensated for by variation in the recipe, such as increasing the amount of water. Thus, appealing products could be obtained with an enriched dietary fibre content. The extend of the RS enhancement depends highly on the food system chosen.
Flagellin gene sequences from 64 clinical isolates of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa were amplified by PCR and subjected to RFLP analysis by using seven restriction enzymes to digest the amplified products. Using this approach the isolates were assigned to one of 13 groups. The method was rapid, reproducible and applicable to all isolates. In contrast, serotyping failed to satisfactorily resolve 49% of the strains tested. The vast majority of clinical isolates generated amplified products of 1-02 kb (type a) or 1-25 kb (type b). Electron microscopical analysis revealed evidence for some flagellar structural variation between P. aeruginosa strains. This study provides further evidence that the flagellin gene is a widely applicable and useful genetic marker for studying genetic variation within populations of closely related bacteria.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardio-vascular problems, diabetes, cancer, multi-skeletal disorders, depression, neurologic disorders and many more are the major cause of health problems and death in OECD countries. These diseases develop earlier among underprivileged people. Chronic-degenerative diseases, however, are to a large degree avoidable. In our foresight project FRESHER (FORESIGHT AND MODELLING FOR EUROPEAN HEALTH POLICY AND REGULATION) we discuss policy options with stakeholders from health, research, care, patient organisations, insurances and policy-making that go beyond the usual activities and pose alternatives that promise to be more successful. From an analysis of trends that affect NCD development far beyond the usual determinants of tobacco and alcohol consumption, salt, sugar and fat intake or sedentary behaviour the most relevant and significant trends are combined to four scenarios depicting possible futures. The options for alternatives presented contribute to the discussion of policies for the future in a comprehensive approach to Bhealth in all policiesî n the EU. NCDs are not a matter of medicine and health only. Thus the traditional approach of health policy has to be extended. Out of the box thinking is needed to pay tribute to the complexity of future health systems that need to include aspects like equity, literacy, mobility or urban planning. A systematic and holistic approach is required to address all drivers and determinants leading to a healthy life and well-being.
Packaging materials are often considered a critical control point in HACCP systems of food companies. Methods for the determination of the microbial contamination rate of plastic cups, especially for dairy products, must reliably detect single moulds, yeasts or coliforms. In this study, a comparison of a specially adapted coating method, impedance method, direct inoculation and membrane filter technique was carried out to determine contamination with yeasts, moulds, coliforms and total bacterial counts using the appropriate agar in each case. The coating method is recommended for determining yeasts, moulds and coliforms as it allows the localization of the microorganisms as well as the determination of single microorganisms. For total bacterial count, a direct inoculation technique is proposed. The employing of simple measures in the production and during transport of packaging materials, such as dust-prevention or tight sealing in polyethylene bags, heavily reduces microbial contamination rates of packaging material. To reduce contamination rates further, electron beam irradiation was applied: plastic cups sealed in polyethylene bags were treated with 4-5 kGy, a dose that already leads to sterile polystyrene and polypropylene cups without influencing mechanical characteristics of the packaging material.
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