State-of-the-art papers from around the globe addressing current topics in education were published in the FEMS Microbiology Letters virtual Thematic Issue 'Education' in November 2015 (http://femsle.oxfordjournals.org/content/thematic-issue-education), which was innovative and well received by microbiologists and other educators. Its unique content is reviewed here to facilitate broader access and further discussions in the professional community. Best practice in supporting school teaching and exposing students to concepts from other disciplines is presented in context of inspiring the next generations, where also historical microbiology can be drawn upon. Technology-enhanced education is discussed including its applications (e.g. lecture podcasts for flipped learning, learning from experts via videoconference). Authentic learning is covered with examples of research-led teaching, water and showerhead biofilm analyses and participation in the International Genetically Engineered Machines competition. Enhancing employability is focussed on, including supporting personal development and work-readiness in general and for the changing nature of the microbiology profession. International mobility develops international awareness but challenges teachers. Teaching training, teaching excellence and dissemination of best practice are reviewed. Times of challenge and change in the Higher Education landscape motivate us to improve educational approaches and frameworks, so that we are prepared for new topics to emerge as current topics in education.
We describe a novel membrane surface display system that allows the anchoring of foreign proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) of stable, cell wall-less L-form cells of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. The reporter protein, staphylokinase (Sak), was fused to transmembrane domains of integral membrane proteins from E. coli (lactose permease LacY, preprotein translocase SecY) and P. mirabilis (curved cell morphology protein CcmA). Both L-form strains overexpressed fusion proteins in amounts of 1 to 100 g ml ؊1 , with higher expression for those with homologous anchor motifs. Various experimental approaches, e.g., cell fractionation, Percoll gradient purification, and solubilization of the CM, demonstrated that the fusion proteins are tightly bound to the CM and do not form aggregates. Trypsin digestion, as well as electron microscopy of immunogoldlabeled replicas, confirmed that the protein was localized on the outside surface. The displayed Sak showed functional activity, indicating correct folding. This membrane surface display system features endotoxin-poor organisms and can provide a novel platform for numerous applications.The overexpression of recombinant proteins, which remain bound to the outer surface of the bacterial cells as accessible and functional active molecules, offers new applications in biotechnology and medicine. Among these are the development of diagnostics and vaccines, adhesin-receptor interaction studies, the generation of peptide libraries, the immobilization of enzymes, and the expression of heavy metal-binding peptides and antibody fragments (6,10,25,33). The surface display systems follow various strategies for anchoring. In gramnegative bacteria, outer membrane proteins (21), pili and flagella (26), modified lipoproteins (6, 7, 11), ice nucleation proteins (17, 23), and autotransporters (19,27,35) have been used as anchors. In gram-positive bacteria, surface anchors have been derived from lipoproteins, cell wall proteins, or S-layer proteins (24,32,33). However, depending on the displayed protein and the desired application, each system has its own advantages and disadvantages, such as the size limitation of the displayed protein, mislocalization or formation of inclusion bodies, association with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or destabilization of the outer membrane (10,17,22). There is still a need for further developments to increase the repertoire of applications of surface display systems (21).Stable protoplast type L-form bacteria have up to now not been considered as a system for surface display, although they exhibit several interesting features for such applications. They have lost irreversibly the ability to form cell wall structures and periplasmic compartments, and their cells are surrounded only by a cytoplasmic membrane (CM). Cell biological properties of the strains and the lipid composition of their CM are well characterized (13,16). Furthermore, the L-form strains of Proteus mirabilis LVIWEI and Escherichia coli LWFϩWEI have been used for the efficient overexpr...
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