Social aggression and avoidance are defensive behaviors expressed by territorial animals in a manner appropriate to spatial context and experience. The ventromedial hypothalamus controls both social aggression and avoidance, suggesting that it may encode a general internal state of threat modulated by space and experience. Here, we show that neurons in the mouse ventromedial hypothalamus are activated both by the presence of a social threat as well as by a chamber where social defeat previously occurred. Moreover, under conditions where the animal could move freely between a home and defeat chamber, firing activity emerged that predicted the animal’s position, demonstrating the dynamic encoding of spatial context in the hypothalamus. Finally, we found that social defeat induced a functional reorganization of neural activity as optogenetic activation could elicit avoidance after, but not before social defeat. These findings reveal how the hypothalamus dynamically encodes spatial and sensory cues to drive social behaviors.
14Territorial animals must be able to express social aggression or avoidance in a manner 15 appropriate to spatial context and dominance status. Recent studies indicate that the 16 ventromedial hypothalamus controls both innate aggression and avoidance, suggesting that it 17 may encode an internal state of threat common to both behaviors. Here we used single unit in 18 vivo calcium microendoscopy to identify neurons in the mouse ventromedial hypothalamus 19 encoding social threat. Threat neurons were activated during social defeat as well as when the 20 animal performed risk assessment. Unexpectedly, threat neurons were also activate in the 21 chamber where the animal had been previously defeated and a distinct set of neurons emerged 22 that were active in its home chamber, demonstrating the dynamic encoding of spatial context 23 in the hypothalamus. Ensemble analysis of neural activity showed that social defeat induced a 24 change in the encoding of social information and optogenetic activation of ventromedial 25 hypothalamus neurons was able to elicit avoidance after, but not before social defeat, 26 demonstrating a functional reorganization of the pathway by social experience. These findings 27 reveal how instinctive behavior circuits in the hypothalamus dynamically encode spatial and 28 sensory cues to drive adaptive social behaviors.
With the increase of digital data and social network platforms the impact of social media science in driving company decision related to product/service features and customer care operations is becoming more crucial. In particular, platform such as Twitter where people can share experience about almost everything can drastically impact the reputation and offering of a company as well as of a place or tourism site. Text mining tools are researched and proposed in literature in order to gain value and perform trend topics and sentiment analysis on Twitter. As data are the fuels for these models, the "right" ones, i.e the domain-related ones makes a difference on their accuracy. In this paper, we describe a pipeline of DataOps / MLOps operations performed over a tourism related Twitter dataset in order to comprehend tourism motivation and interest. The gained knowledge can be exploit, by the travel/hospitality industry in order to develop data-driven strategic service, and by travelers which can consume relevant information about tourist destination.
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