Poor efficiency of gene transfer into cancer cells constitutes the major bottleneck of current cancer gene therapy. We reasoned that because tumors are masses of rapidly dividing cells, they would be most efficiently transduced with vector systems allowing transgene propagation. We thus designed two replicative retrovirus -derived vector systems: one inherently replicative vector, and one defective vector propagated by a helper retrovirus. In vitro, both systems achieved very efficient transgene propagation. In immunocompetent mice, replicative vectors transduced >85% tumor cells, whereas defective vectors transduced < 1% under similar conditions. It is noteworthy that viral propagation could be efficiently blocked by azido -thymidine, in vitro and in vivo. In a model of established brain tumors treated with suicide genes, replicative retroviral vectors ( RRVs ) were approximately 1000 times more efficient than defective adenoviral vectors. These results demonstrate the advantage and potential of RRVs and strongly support their development for cancer gene therapy.

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In cirrhotic patients, copeptin concentrations increased along with the severity of liver disease. In our cohort, the 1-year mortality or liver transplantation was predicted by high MELD score and high concentrations of CRP and copeptin.