Background: Previous meta-analyses based on aggregate group-level data report antihypertensive effects of isometric resistance training (IRT). However, individual participant data meta-analyses provide more robust effect size estimates and permit examination of demographic and clinical variables on IRT effectiveness. Methods: We conducted a systematic search and individual participant data (IPD) analysis, using both a one-step and two-step approach, of controlled trials investigating at least 3 weeks of IRT on resting systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Results: Anonymized individual participant data were provided from 12 studies (14 intervention group comparisons) involving 326 participants (52.7% medicated for hypertension); 191 assigned to IRT and 135 controls, 25.2% of participants had diagnosed coronary artery disease. IRT intensity varied (8–30% MVC) and training duration ranged from 3 to 12 weeks. The IPD (one-step) meta-analysis showed a significant treatment effect for the exercise group participants experiencing a reduction in resting SBP of −6.22 mmHg (95% CI −7.75 to −4.68; P < 0.00001); DBP of −2.78 mmHg (95% CI −3.92 to −1.65; P = 0.002); and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of −4.12 mmHg (95% CI −5.39 to −2.85; P < 0.00001). The two-step approach yielded similar results for change in SBP −7.35 mmHg (−8.95 to −5.75; P < 0.00001), DBP MD −3.29 mmHg (95% CI −5.12 to −1.46; P = 0.0004) and MAP MD −4.63 mmHg (95% CI −6.18 to −3.09: P < 0.00001). Sub-analysis revealed that neither clinical, medication, nor demographic participant characteristics, or exercise program features, modified the IRT treatment effect. Conclusion: This individual patient analysis confirms a clinically meaningful and statistically significant effect of IRT on resting SBP, DBP and mean arterial blood pressure.
The Batalin-Vilkovisky method (BV ) is the most powerful method to analyze functional integrals with (infinite-dimensional) gauge symmetries presently known. It has been invented to fix gauges associated with symmetries that do not close off-shell. Homological Perturbation Theory is introduced and used to develop the integration theory behind BV and to describe the BV quantization of a Lagrangian system with symmetries. Localization (illustrated in terms of Duistermaat-Heckman localization) as well as anomalous symmetries are discussed in the framework of BV .
We describe an algebraic structure on chain complexes yielding algebraic models which classify homotopy types of PD 4 -complexes. Generalizing Turaev's fundamental triples of PD 3 -complexes we introduce fundamental triples for PD n -complexes and show that two PD n -complexes are orientedly homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental triples are isomorphic. As applications we establish a conjecture of Turaev and obtain a criterion for the existence of degree 1 maps between n-dimensional manifolds.
Generalising Hendriks' fundamental triples of PD 3 -complexes, we introduce fundamental triples for PD n -complexes and show that two PD n -complexes are orientedly homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental triples are isomorphic. As applications we establish a conjecture of Turaev and obtain a criterion for the existence of degree 1 maps between n-dimensional manifolds. Another main result describes chain complexes with additional algebraic structure which classify homotopy types of PD 4 -complexes. Up to 2-torsion, homotopy types of PD 4 -complexes are classified by homotopy types of chain complexes with a homotopy commutative diagonal. 57P10; 55S35, 55S45 IntroductionIn order to study the homotopy types of closed manifolds, Browder and Wall introduced the notion of Poincaré duality complexes. A Poincaré duality complex, or PD n -complex, is a CW-complex X whose cohomology satisfies a certain algebraic condition. Equivalently, the chain complex y C .X / of the universal cover of X must satisfy a corresponding algebraic condition. Thus Poincaré complexes form a mixture of topological and algebraic data and it is an old quest to provide purely algebraic data determining the homotopy type of PD n -complexes. This has been achieved for n D 3, but, for n D 4, only partial results are available in the literature. assigned to each PD n -complex X an algebraic Poincaré duality complex given by the chain complex y C .X /, together with a symmetric structure. However, Ranicki considered neither the realizability of such algebraic Poincaré duality complexes nor whether the homotopy type of a PD n -complex is determined by the homotopy type of its algebraic Poincaré duality complex.This paper presents a structure on chain complexes which completely classifies PD 4 -complexes up to homotopy. The classification uses fundamental triples of PD 4 -complexes, and, in fact, the chain complex model yields algebraic conditions for the realizability of fundamental triples.A fundamental triple of formal dimension n 3 comprises an .n 2/-type T , a homomorphism !W 1 .T / ! Z=2Z and a homology class t 2 H n .T; Z ! /. There is a functor,n -complexes and maps of degree one to the category Trp n C of triples and morphisms inducing surjections on fundamental groups. Our first main result is:Theorem 3.1 The functor C reflects isomorphisms and is full for n 3.Corollary 3.2 Take n 3. Two closed n-dimensional manifolds or two PD ncomplexes, respectively, are orientedly homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental triples are isomorphic. Theorem 3.1 also yields a criterion for the existence of a map of degree one between PD n -complexes, recovering Swarup's result for maps between 3-manifolds and Hendriks' result for maps between PD 3 -complexes.In the oriented case, special cases of Corollary 3.2 were proved by Hambleton and Kreck [6] and Cavicchioli and Spaggiari [5]. In fact, in [6], Corollary 3.2 is obtained under the condition that either the fundamental group is finite or the second rational homology of the 2-type is n...
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