Introduction 2 International Capital Income Taxation and Tax Competition 2.1 How should foreign investment income be taxed? 2.2 Tax competition and double taxation agreements 2.3 The role of public goods provision 2.4 Tax competition with multinational firms and portfolio investment 2.5 Transfer prices and international income shifting 2.6 The financial structure of firms 3 Tax Coordination 3.1 Fiscal externalities and the welfare effects of tax coordination 3.2 An example: Tax competition and the underprovision of public goods 3.3 Residence-based capital income taxation 3.4 Distortionary labour taxes 3.5 Tax competition and optimal redistributive income taxation v
To assess whether variation in human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K18 env, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated superantigen, is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), we developed a SNP-based genotyping method to determine the allelic and genotypic distribution of the three alleles of HERV-K18 env. We conducted a nested case-control study amongst 207 MS cases and 403 matched controls drawn from two large ongoing cohorts, the Nurses Health Study and Nurses Health Study 2 (NHS/NHS2). Analyses were replicated in an independent series of 909 MS cases and 339 controls. Overall, in the NHS/NHS2 there was a significant association between HERV K18 env genotype and risk of MS (χ2 p-value=0.03). As compared with individuals homozygous for the K18.2 allele, risk of MS three fold higher among carriers of two K18.3 alleles (p=0.03). An increase in MS risk among carriers of the K18.3 allele was also observed in the replication study, but did not reach statistical significance. In pooled analyses, homozygous carriers of the K18.3 allele had a significantly increased risk of MS (RR comparing K18.3/K18.3 versus K18.2/K18.2 = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1 to 6.4). These results suggest that variation in EBV-associated superantigen HERV-K18 env could influence the genetic susceptibility to MS.
Mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic products, also referred to as "personal care products" outside the European Union, are mixtures of predominantly saturated hydrocarbons consisting of straight-chain, branched and ring structures with carbon chain lengths greater than C16. They are used in skin and lip care cosmetic products due to their excellent skin tolerance as well as their high protecting and cleansing performance and broad viscosity options. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding potential adverse health effects of mineral oils and waxes from dermal application of cosmetics. In order to be able to assess the risk for the consumer the dermal penetration potential of these ingredients has to be evaluated. The scope and objective of this review are to identify and summarize publicly available literature on the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. A total of 13 in vivo (human, animal) and in vitro studies investigating the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes has been identified and analysed. The majority of the substances were dermally adsorbed to the stratum corneum and only a minor fraction reached deeper skin layers. Overall, there is no evidence from the various studies that mineral oils and waxes are percutaneously absorbed and become systemically available. Thus, given the absence of dermal uptake, mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products do not present a risk to the health of the consumer.
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