Comparative studies of fossil resins of various ages, botanical sources, geological environments, and provenience were provided via a handheld portable Near-Infrared (NIR)-Raman spectrometer and benchtop instrument both working with laser line 1064 nm. The recorded Raman spectra of individual fossil resins were found to be sufficiently similar irrespective to the device type applied, i.e., handheld or benchtop. Thus, the portable equipment was found to be a sufficient tool for the preliminary identification of resins based on botanical and geographical origin criteria. The observed height ratio of 1640/1440 cm−1 Raman bands did not correlate well with the ages of fossil resins. Hence, it may be assumed that geological conditions such as volcanic activity and/or hydrothermal heating are plausible factors accelerating the maturation of resins and cross-linking processes.

A unique specimen of fossil resin originating from the Dipterocarpaceae tree family found in Miocene brown coal deposits in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia) was investigated via microscopic observations, microhardness testing and infrared and Raman spectroscopic methods. Its form is rare in nature, being an aggregate of three varieties of resin differing in colour, transparency and internal structure. This suggests the formation of the resins at different stages. Further alteration processes, including fossilization and maturation of the resin in a swamp environment resulted in stepwise aromatization of the cyclohexane ring in steroids and cross-linking through formation of ester bonds as well as carbon-carbon bonds between steroid molecules. The various environmental and geological conditions affecting the formation processes of the resins were recorded in their physico-chemical properties. Additionally, heating conditions accelerated by volcanism were proposed as a factor determining the maturation grade of the resin.

Abstract Testing of the correlation between physical properties of natural resins such as microhardness, density and UV-excited fluorescence emission with their age, geological conditions, botanical and geographical origin and chemical structure was performed. These physical parameters, especially microhardness, are the result of resins fossilization processes like cross-linking and polymerizations of compounds present in the fossils. In addition, hardening of the resins may be also an effect of miscellaneous chemical processes induced by various environmental, biological and geological conditions. The principal component analysis found that the correlation of microhardness, density and fluorescence intensity with the resin age is quite low. The results suggest that variability of physical properties is caused by geographic location and locally occurring geological conditions. The physical properties of natural resins are most strongly correlated with chemical structure and geographic location. The resins with higher microhardness values come from marine environment depositions. The same trend was observed for resins affected by volcanic activity. Moreover, high fluorescence intensity was also observed for resins affected by above mentioned geological conditions. However, the density values of tested resins revealed the lowest correlation with their age, botanical source and geological history.

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The preliminary studies on thermal behavior of differently aged natural resins from Russia (Khatanga), Dominican Republic (El Valle), Colombia and Poland (Jantar) were performed. Thermal stability and behavior under elevated temperature were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the differences in the structure and composition by FT-IR spectroscopy. Analyzed resins show different thermal effects during heating suggesting that possible post-reactions and structural changes occurred. TG results indicated that Dominican, Russian and Colombian resins present relatively high thermal stability under air conditions in the range of 228-300°C, whereas the mass loss of 5mass% at about 217°C was observed for Baltic amber. During DSC experiments, the analyzed resins expose thermal events which make impossible determination of glass transition temperature in a raw sample. The results indicate that both TG and DSC cannot be considered as methods for age dating of natural resins and more advanced techniques should be applied. Careful analysis of FT-IR data in the carbonyl region may provide additional information about the composition and history of the natural resin. Keywords Glass transition Á DSC Á Fossil resins Á Copal Á Fossilization Paper dedicated to 100th anniversary of Polish Geological Institute.

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