Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Ilex Sp. DOI: 10.1515/chem-2015-0142 received February 15, 2015 accepted October 1, 2015. Abstract: Natural compounds are an important source of desired biological activity which help to improve nutritional status, enhance productivity and bring many health benefits. The leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae) are used for preparing a beverage known as yerba mate and represent a proven source of natural polyphenols which are known to foster biological activity with the emphasis on antioxidant properties. In present work we focused on the polyphenolic content of air-dried leaves of Ilex aquifolium L., Ilex aquifolium 'Argentea Mariginata', Ilex meserveae 'Blue Angel', and a commercially available mate as the reference product. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC and LC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC), were used to establish polyphenolic substances content in aqueous methanolic extracts obtained from the biological matter. Up to 20 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, including rutin, quinic acid and its caffeoyl esters, i.e. chlorogenic acid and its isomers as well as dicaffeoyl derivatives. We took chlorogenic acid and rutin as reference compounds to quantify their levels in the extracts. It was determined that in all tested plants, high levels of these antioxidants were present. This led us to the conclusion that their leaves might serve as valuable food additives.

W polskojęzycznej literaturze lingwistycznej w odniesieniu do kodów stanowiących narzędzie porozumienia w różnych grupach specjalistów stosuje się rozmaite terminy, wśród których znajduje się siedem tytułowych form: język specjalistyczny, język specjalny, język profesjonalny, język fachowy, język zawodowy, profesjolekt i technolekt. Mnogość określeń nie jest bynajmniej zjawiskiem wyjątkowym, gdyż chociażby na gruncie niemieckim funkcjonuje cały szereg określeń odnoszących się do tego fenomenu:

Aqueous solutions of organic extracts of Nigrospora oryzae in the concentration range 0.1 to 1000 μg/cm3 were found to inhibit both spore germination and mycelium growth of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. gramminearum, F. gramminearum, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. lateritium and Botrytis cinerea.

The culture of Nigrosporu oryzae reduces twelve prochiral ketones of homo-and heteroaromatic type (acetophenone, 3-and 4-methylacetophenone, 4-nitroacetophenone, propiophenone, 2-acetylnaphthalene, 2-acetyltiophene, 2-and 4-acetylpyridine, a,a,a-trifluoroacetophenone, a-tetralone, 4-benzoylpyridine) enantiospecifically to corresponding optically active alcohols. The enantiomer of S configuration is in nine cases predominant, R configuration was found in three alcohols. The degree of chemical reduction determined in GC ranged from 20% to almost 100%, while optical purity was from 5% to 100% ee. It is worth noting that the same culture did not reduce 4-aminoacetophenone, 2-acetylpyrrole and 2-acetylindole.The species Nigrosporu oryzue (BERKELEY and BROOME) PETCH is a common saprophytic fungus growing in tropical countries (ELLIS 1971). In Poland it was isolated from cultivated plants ( KITA 1986). Some strains of Nigrosporu sp. produce secondary metabolites, e.g. griseofulvin (FURUYA et al. 1967). The strain used in our study did not produce this antibiotic. However, we found in our earlier investigations (SZEWCZUK ef al. 1991, 1992) that the lipid fraction obtained from N. oryzue culture is able to inhibit the growth of some pathogenic fungi of cultivated plants and fungi causing skin diseases.To our best knowledge N. oryzue has been used in biotransformations only for hydroxylation of steroids ( MUIR and DODSON 1958, SHIRASAKA et ul. 1961). Other Nigrosporu species were already used for biotransformations, e.g. one Nigrospora sp. oxidized phenolic compounds (GULYAS 1969) and N. sphaerica is known to hydroxylate steroid compounds (ETZOLD 1980, MUHN-SEIPOLDY et ul. 1993). For this reason, we studied the ability of N. oryzae strain to transform several organic substrates, in order to determine its further usefulness for biotechnological processes. Materials and methodsIncubation of N. oryzae culture: The strain was obtained from the collection of the Department of Phytophathology, Agricultural University of Wroclaw, Poland (KITA 1986). The culture was incubated in the medium containing 2.5% maltose extract consisting of: maltose (80%), protein (6%). dextrin (2%) and mineral salts ( 1 %). The culture of N. oryzae for screening and preparative transformation was prepared in a similar way: the cells cultivated on agar slant were transferred to a 250 ml or 2000 ml flask with 100 or 750 ml medium, respectively. The cultures in the flasks continuously shaken were incubated at 27 "C for 10 to 14 days. The dry matter content of the culture for preparative transformation averaged 3 g. ') Part XXXVII of the series "Biotransformations"; Part XXXVI see MIRONOWICZ et al. ( 1994) 246B. JAROSZ and A. S I E W~S K I Screening: 10 to 15 mg of the substrate was added to a two-week old culture of N. oryzae and the transformation was carried out for 10 to 14 days. The conditions were exactly the same as those described for the fungus incubation. Next, the mixture obtained in the transformation was extracted with chloroform, dried wi...

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Purpose One of the most practical ways to utilise municipal solid waste is composting, thereby producing materials that may be productively used to improve soil properties. Wastes, as well as mature composts, contain hydrophobic substances, including fats, which are more resistant to microbiological decomposition than other constituents. The aim of this work was to determine qualitative and quantitative changes of hydrophobic substances, especially fatty acids, during the course of municipal solid waste composting. This provides new information on intensity of hydrophobic versus other substances decomposition undergoing during these processes. Materials and methods Raw materials, prepared according to MUT-DANO technology, were composted in a pile, and samples were taken after 1, 14, 28, 42, 56, 90 and 180 days of the composting. Temperature, moisture, total organic carbon, hydrophobic substances carbon (HSC) and fatty acid carbon (FAC) contents were determined in all samples. Hydrophobic substances were extracted with 1:2 (v/v) mixture of ethanol/benzene, while fats were extracted with petroleum ether and determined by GC analysis after transesterification with BF 3 in methanol.Results and discussion The HSC decreased from 27.8 to 9.3 g kg −1 during first 90 days of composting, and thereafter remained constant. Similarly, the highest content of FAC was in raw compost, while the lowest was after 90 days. Octadecenoic acid predominated in the raw compost and decreased from 56 to 23 % FAC after 180 days. During the composting processes, domination of octadecenoic acid was replaced by hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids, which increased from 18.8 to 36.7 % and 8.3 to 19.4 % FAC, respectively. The share of hexadecanoic, eicosanoic and docosanoic acids increased after the thermophilic phase. The presence of odd-numbered fatty acids (pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic) was noted, which are known to be products of the bacterial transformation-synthesis of lipid substances. Conclusions The extent of decomposition of hydrophobic substances, especially fatty acids, is greater than other components in composted municipal solid waste, and intensity of the biotransformation is significantly correlated with composting parameters, mainly temperature and time. During the thermophilic phase of municipal solid waste composting, the decrease in total content of hydrophobic substances is approximately fivefold, while the reduction in fatty acids can be about tenfold. Unsaturated fatty acids are more intensively decomposed during the composting processes, while saturated fatty acids are more resistant. Moreover, transformation of fatty matter may result in the creation of specific isomers with odd numbers of carbon atoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of soy lecithin supplementation in beef cow’s nutrition on colostrum composition and serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum total protein (STP) in calves. Twenty pregnant Charolaise cows were assigned to two groups. In the supplementation group (n = 10) during the last four weeks of pregnancy, soy lecithin was administrated in an amount of 20 g/cow/day. In both groups, basic composition (protein, fat, lactose, dry matter), somatic cell count (SCC), total bacteria count (TBC), IgG concentration, and fatty acids profile were determined in colostrum samples. Moreover, STP and IgG concentration were measured in calves’ blood samples on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days of life, mothered by supplementation and control cows. Animals fed with soy lecithin before calving produced colostrum with a higher (p = 0.049) level of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6). In addition, these results showed that soy lecithin supplementation has contributed to an increase (p = 0.029) of serum IgG in calves on the 14th day of life. The impact of such change in colostrum on IgG levels on calves serum and their half-life need further analysis.

Review: Anna Niepytalska-Osiecka, Socjolekt polskich alpinistów. Analiza leksykalnosemantyczna słownictwa, Wydawnictwo LIBRON – Filip Lohner, Kraków 2014, 286 pp.The article is a review of Anna Niepytalska-Osiecka’s book Socjolekt polskich alpinistów. Analiza leksykalno-semantyczna słownictwa (The sociolect of Polish mountaineers. A lexical and semantic analysis of the vocabulary). First, the text summarizes the subject matter of this monograph, devoted to a hitherto undescribed variety of the Polish language. It then goes on to characterize the composition of the book and its methodology. Finally, some problematic points are indicated – concerning, among other things, the classification of the language variety analyzed or the development of its vocabulary – and alternative lexical and semantic solutions are suggested. Rec.: Anna Niepytalska-Osiecka, Socjolekt polskich alpinistów. Analiza leksykalno-semantyczna słownictwa, Wydawnictwo LIBRON – Filip Lohner, Kraków 2014, ss. 286Artykuł stanowi recenzję książki Anny Niepytalskiej-Osieckiej pt. Socjolekt polskich alpinistów. Analiza leksykalno-semantyczna słownictwa. W tekście przybliżono zawartą w monografii problematykę poświęconą nieopisanemu dotychczas wariantowi polszczyzny oraz scharakteryzowano zastosowane rozwiązania kompozycyjne i analityczne. Wskazano również punkty dyskusyjne dotyczące m.in. klasyfikacji opisywanego wariantu polszczyzny czy procesu kształtowania się jego zasobu słownego, a także zasugerowano alternatywne rozstrzygnięcia leksykalno-semantyczne.