Abstract. One of the many advantages in favor of the energy use of biomass is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. carbon dioxide and toxic exhaust components. Depending on the physicochemical and thermal properties, and especially on the calorific value, biomass can be used in heating and electricity. Biomass can be any organic material containing carbon, but without significant physico-chemical changes, which would lead to the formation of specific properties of crude oil or hard coal. The aim of this work was to determine selected properties of hazelnut shells in terms of their suitability for biofuel production. The hazelnut shells of the following varieties were analyzed: Casina, Catalan, Webba Cenny, Berger, Trapezian and Barcelonski. The examined hazelnuts were characterized by slight physicochemical differentiation. The criteria for biomass energy assessment were: calorific value, moisture content, heat of combustion, flash point, volatile content and bulk density. Measurements of selected parameters were made using standardized measuring devices. Among the tested varieties of hazelnut shells, the highest caloric value was characterized by the Casina variety (18.42 MJ . kg -1 ), and the smallest for the Trapezian variety (17.21 MJ . kg -1 ). The highest content of ash was observed for the Catalan variety (1.4 %) and the lowest for Casina (0.89 %). The highest content of volatile parts was noted for Trapezuński (72.3 %) and the smallest for Berger variety (71.73 %). The highest temperature of ignition was distinguished for the variety Webba Cenny (425.07 ºC), and the lowest for the variety Trapezian (368.4 ºC). The moisture content of the tested walnut shells ranged from 5.8 to 6.8 %. The conducted research and the analysis of selected physicochemical properties show that hazelnut shells are suitable for the production of biofuels.
Microalgae are a practical source of biological compounds for biodiesel production. This study examined the influence of three different light-emitting diode (LED) systems on the biomass production of green algae Chlorella vulgaris BA0002a. The cultivation was carried out in a photobioreactor illuminated from the bottom with a single side light jacket (PBR I), in a photobioreactor illuminated from the bottom with a double side light jacket (PBR II) and in a photobioreactor illuminated only from the top (PBR III). Research has shown that the intensification of algae cell production and growth depends on the light distribution and exposure time of a single cell to radiation. In the experiment, the highest growth of algae cells was obtained in the photobioreactor with double jacket and lower light panel. The lowest cell growth was observed in the photobioreactor illuminated only from above. For cultures raised in the PBR I and PBR II photobioreactors, increased oxygen production was observed, which was directly related to the increased production of biomass, which in turn was dependent on the increased amount of radiant energy.
The article presents the basic conceptual assumptions of a photobioreactor with a complementary lighting system. The cylindrical bioreactor has three independent, interconnected, and fully controlled lighting systems. A characteristic feature is the combination of the lighting system with the measurement of photosynthetically active PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) and the optical density of the culture medium. The entire lighting system is based on RGBW (“red, green, blue, white”) LED and RBG (“red, green, blue”) LEDs. The pilot study was conducted on a simplified prototype of a photobioreactor designed for the distribution and optimization of light in algae cultures designed for energy purposes. The study was carried out on microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris BA0002a from the collection of marine algae cultures.
Fruit and vegetable processing is a difficult problem in the food industry. The raw materials are characterized by limited durability, and at the same time may belong to highly different varieties and species, which is why their suitability for processing varies. The most important task of the agricultural and food industry is to secure harvests so that they can be consumed throughout the year. The factors that determine the quality of fresh and processed food are primarily the type and quality of the raw material, the type of pre-treatment and further processing, as well as the conditions under which the raw material and the finished product were stored. The scope of the paper includes:-preparation of raw material samples (slices),-pre-treatment (blanching in steam, soaking in a starch solution),-drying the raw material (dryer with air circulation, no air circulation),-rehydration of the dried material (cold and warm water, time: 150 minutes). On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that in the case of patches, the largest mass after the rehydration process was shown by samples dried in an air dryer, blanched in steam and rehydrated in hot water. In comparison with the mass of the fresh raw material, the patch after rehydration returned in 85.5 % to its initial state. The weakest effect on the mass gain of the dried slices results from pre-treatment in the starch solution, drying without air circulation, and then rehydration in cold water. None of the samples after 150 minutes of hydration reached the mass of the fresh raw material.
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