In addition to the well-known X-linked and autosomal recessive forms of aqueduct stenosis with hydrocephalus, this malformation can occur in other diseases with Mendelian inheritance. This finding is of considerable importance for genetic counselling and prognosis.

The ENT physician and specialist in musician's medicine is consistently confronted with the issue of hearing protection, since musicians exposed to high sound levels due to their profession, and who are often concerned about their hearing, refer to him. Furthermore, this topic has gained more relevance since a noise exposure limit for professional musicians was issued in February 2008 by the EC guidelines for occupational health and safety regarding "Noise" (2003/10/EC). The present article gives an outline of the recent state of knowledge about sound pressure levels, hearing risks, as well as the use of hearing protection for musicians.

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sized enterprises (SMEs), individual noise measurements are hardly feasible. Therefore, Suva publishes noise level tables, which list typical noise levels of many tools and machines. These 66 noise level tables cover almost any branch of the industry. Moreover, they include shooting noise, music, and so on. However, most SMEs were not able to calculate their workers' long-term noise exposure. Therefore, based on Suva's extensive database, typical noise exposure levels for occupations and activities were calculated. The new type of noise level tables includes now the typical noise exposures for the different occupations. Moreover, since 2007, the noise level tables also indicate the measures to be taken. Therefore, SMEs can start immediately to protect their workers against noise-induced hearing loss.

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