2020) The prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence amongst Palestinian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional studyABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the North West Bank, Palestine, and to assess the role of potential risk factors including age and DM control. Patients and methods: Adult women with DM attending governmental primary healthcare centres in the North West Bank were interviewed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) standardised UI questionnaire. The prevalence of UI was estimated and differences between groups were evaluated using the chi-square test. A multivariate logistic model was used to estimate the adjusted relationships and to control for confounders. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at An-Najah National University.Results: The study included 381 women with T2DM, aged 30-83 years, of whom 43.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 37.9-47.8%) reported UI regardless of the type. About 40% reported that they were extremely bothered by the condition and 35.2% stated that their daily routine life was greatly affected. Amongst the women with UI, 133 (80.6%) and 128 (77.6%) were found to have urge and stress UI, respectively. UI was found to be significantly associated with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.0, 95% CI 1.9-4.9; P < 0.001) and parity (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7; P = 0.04) Conclusions: The prevalence of UI amongst Palestinian women with T2DM regardless of the type is high. The findings highlight the importance of educating women with T2DM about UI. The medical team should focus on this problem as it is often neglected; physicians should be alert for UI as it is often underreported and therefore undertreated. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; (T2)DM: (type 2) diabetes mellitus; HbA 1c : haemoglobin A 1c ; MoH: Ministry of Health; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR: odds ratio; QoL: quality of life; (S)(U)UI: (stress) (urge) urinary incontinence. ARTICLE HISTORY
Background Diabetes is one of the most common chronic illnesses worldwide, and it is increasing in prevalence. Urinary incontinence is another worldwide health problem, with a reported prevalence that ranges from 9% to 67%. It decreases quality of life for men and women and has been associated with many poor outcomes, such as longer hospital stays, recurrent or persistent urinary tract infection, and a higher mortality rate. Previous studies have suggested that diabetes is an independent risk factor for urinary incontinence. In addition, the patients' background and clinical characteristics such as age, obesity, and child-bearing history have been found to increase the risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women with type 2 diabetes in the north West Bank and to assess the role of potential risk factors, including age, marital status, weight, and diabetes control.Methods Women with diabetes attending the six governmental primary health care centres in the north West Bank (Jenin, Tubas, Tulkarem, Nablus, Qalqilya, and Salfit) were interviewed using the CDC National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) standardised incontinence questionnaire. SPSS version 22 was used for data entry and analysis. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was estimated and differences between groups (variables of interest) were evaluated using the chi squared test. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of An-Najah National University, and permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Ministry of Health.Findings 400 Palestinian women with diabetes were invited to participate in the study by convenience sampling, of whom 381 were recruited (a sample size that was chosen with a sample size formula, based on the population of the north West Bank). The participants were aged 30-83 years, and 44% (165 of 381; 95% CI 39-49) reported incontinence, regardless of the type. The prevalence of stress and urge incontinence were 34% (128) and 35% (133), respectively. 30% of women with urinary incontinence (49 of 165) reported that it did not affect their quality of life, and 34% (56 of 165) stated that it did not affect their daily activity. The presence or absence of urinary incontinence was studied in relation to the background and clinical variables by use of the chi squared test. The analysis showed a significant relationship between urinary incontinence status and age (p=0•0011), previous abdominal and genitourinary surgeries (p=0•0037), and caffeine consumption (p=0•041). There was no relationship between urinary incontinence and the duration, type of treatment, or complications of diabetes.Interpretation The prevalence of urinary incontinence (regardless of the type) is high among Palestinian women with diabetes. This is similar to reported prevalence in women with diabetes in neighbouring countries, such as Jordan (44%) and Qatar (21%). The majority of participants in this study (70%) reported that urinary incontinence did not affect their quality of life. ...
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