Palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) is a heterogenous group of skin disorders characterized by a persistent thickening of the palms of the hands and sometimes soles of the feet. PPK can be classified into many types, including diffuse, transgradient, and focal or striate, where the areas of palmoplantar skin are alternatively thickened. Mutations in four main genes, keratin 9 (KRT9), keratin 1 (KRT1), desmoglein (DSG1), and desmoplakin (DSP), have been associated with PPK. Striate PPK (SPPK) is commonly caused by mutations in DSG1. However, DSP and KRT1 gene mutations have been identified in some cases. In this study, fragment and sequencing analysis were performed for a large Syrian family with dominant SPPK. Segregation analysis showed a linkage with DSG1 gene. Direct Sanger sequencing identified a new mutation c.dup165_168AGCA. This frameshift mutation was heterozygous in all affected family members and absent in all normal individuals.
Greater Burgan Field accounts for most of the oil produced in Kuwait. Discovered in 1938, commercial production from this giant field commenced in 1946 accelerating rapidly to a peak of nearly 3 MMBOPD in 1972. The Burgan structure is an anticlinal dome with numerous faults. The main producing reservoirs are sandstones of Cretaceous age. Four major sandstone horizons within the gross productive section account for most of the current and cumulative production. The 3SM is the main contributory sand which is much thicker than the others. A strong natural water drive maintains reservoir pressure.The compartmentalization of the main reservoir sands by faults, combined with high production rates, resulted in water incursion problems since the early seventies and made worse by uncontrolled flow from wells sabotaged during the Iraqi invasion. As the 3SM reservoir gets further depleted, water encroachment studies reveal that there is a differential rate of rise in OWC in the massive sand implying un-even sweep. This has created uncertainties in the remaining oil column in flank areas of the field for placement of infill well locations. This paper presents a methodology applied to successfully identify infill well locations in flank areas of Burgan field. The behavior of faults and rise in water in different compartments were analyzed utilizing seismic surveys, pressure buildup tests and PNC log data combining with production history. Based on the analysis minor faults were characterized and mapped which led to identification of unswept areas where new well locations were proposed. Gross pay found in three new infill wells drilled have been very encouraging.The process leading to identification of these successful well locations is discussed in length. More infill locations and well intervention opportunities are being identified by using this methodology with increased surveillance to further enhance production from this field.
The evaluation of injection efficiency is an important component of monitoring oilfield development; it is often complicated by well design, such as horizontal wells, dual or triple completions, and the use of inflow control devices (ICDs). This paper demonstrates how standard production logging (PL) measurements can be improved with the addition of a high sensitivity noise log and a quantitative temperature analysis that is sensitive to flow behind the tubing and casing. The latest generation noise tools are highly sensitive instruments that record data during multiple short duration stations. The tools acquire noise energy across a wideband spectrum ranging from 8 to 60,000 Hz. To improve interpretation and visualization, the noise data is separated into two displays: an ultra-low frequency narrowband spectrum (8 to 4,000 Hz) and a wideband spectrum (100 to 60,000 Hz). The implementation of high-resolution temperature data with thermal modeling enables improved multiphase flow profiling using the Joule-Thomson effect and near-wellbore temperature behavior in the surrounding formations. The integration of the noise tool and temperature modelling enables the detection of very low rate fluid flow that is not otherwise detectable with conventional production logging tools (PLT) and the quantification of multiphase flow behind the pipe in multi-barrier completions. This paper includes three case studies that demonstrate the integration of noise spectral data, temperature modeling, and spinner data. The first case is a single-string vertical injector well with separate injection at various layers. In this case, the well completion was challenging because the upper production interval was located behind the tubing. In the second example, the injection distribution changes under different flow rate conditions. At a high injection rate, the formation fracture pressure is exceeded; at low flow, the injection is below the fracture pressure. These results demonstrate that it is possible to qualitatively determine all injection intervals by noise logging and to quantitatively estimate the fluid distribution by thermal modeling, which was used to plan successful well workovers and restore injection. This technology identified zones that were taking injection that other conventional tools failed to identify, significantly improving the understanding of water injection conformance in the super giant Burgan field waterflood.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.