Abstract. In this study, we analyze the climatology of ionosphere over Nepal based on GPS derived VTEC observed from four stations: KKN4 (27.80° N, 85.27° E), GRHI (27.95° N, 82.49° E), JMSM (28.80° N, 83.74° E), DLPA (28.98° N,82.81° E) during years 2008 to 2018. The study illustrates the diurnal, monthly, annual, seasonal and solar cycle variations of VTEC during all time of solar cycle 24. The results clearly revel the presence of equinoctial asymmetry in TEC which is more pronounced in maximum phases of solar cycle in year 2014 at KKN4 station followed by descending, ascending and minimum phases. Diurnal variation of VTEC showed short-lived day minimum which occurs between 5:00 to 6:00 LT at all the stations considered with diurnal peak between around 12:00 to 15:00 LT. The maximum value of TEC is observed during spring equinox than autumn equinox with a few anomalies. Similarly, winter anomalies are noticed during increasing and maximum phases of the solar cycle2011 and 2014 from almost all stations taken in the study.
Abstract. In this study, we analyse the climatology of ionosphere over Nepal based on GPS-derived vertical total electron content (VTEC) observed from four stations as defined in Table 1: KKN4 (27.80∘ N, 85.27∘ E), GRHI (27.95∘ N, 82.49∘ E), JMSM (28.80∘ N, 83.74∘ E) and DLPA (28.98∘ N, 82.81∘ E) during the years 2008 to 2018. The study illustrates the diurnal, monthly, annual, seasonal and solar cycle variations in VTEC during all times of solar cycle 24. The results clearly reveal the presence of equinoctial asymmetry in TEC, which is more pronounced in maximum phases of solar cycle in the year 2014 at KKN4 station, followed by descending, ascending and minimum phases. Diurnal variations in VTEC showed the short-lived day minimum which occurs between 05:00 to 06:00 LT (local time) at all the stations considered, with diurnal peaks between 12:00 and 15:00 LT. The maximum value of TEC is observed more often during the spring equinox than the autumn equinox, with a few asymmetries. Seasonal variation in TEC is observed to be a manifestation of variations in solar flux, particularly regarding the level of solar flux in consecutive solstices.
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