Background: Over the past several years, nonoperative management has been increasingly recommended for the care of selected blunt abdominal trauma patients with solid organ injuries. Objective: To evaluate the pattern and outcome of blunt abdominal trauma using haemodynamic stability and ultrasonography in the selection of patients for nonoperative management in a facility without computed tomogram. Methods: Patients admitted with blunt abdominal trauma between February 2005 and January 2010 were prospectively studied. Haemodynamic stability and sonography formed the basis for selecting patients for nonoperative management. Results: In total, 58 patients suffered blunt abdominal trauma and 19(33%) patients were successfully managed nonoperatively suffered blunt solid abdominal organ injuries. Road traffic accidents inflicted 17(89%) patients while 2(11%) patients sustained sports injury (football). The spleen was the commonest solid organ injured 12(60%), while the liver and kidney were injured in 6(30%) and 2(10%) respectively. Associated injuries were fractured left femur recorded in 3(16%) patients and fractured rib in a patient (5%). Conclusion: Nonoperative treatment is a safe and effective method in the management of haemodynamically stable patient with blunt solid abdominal organ injury. This translated to a reduction in hospital stay, absence of the risk of blood transfusion as well as attendant morbidity and mortality associated with laparotomy. Establishment of trauma system, provision of diagnostic and monitoring facilities, good roads, and education on road safety is recommended for improved outcome
In the tropics, native pastures and crop residues constitute the major feed resources for ruminants. There are available seasonally and of low quality. They contribute to the limitation of ruminant production which is predominantly managed by small holders. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (EC) is a hardy multipurpose tree (MPT) that has potential as supplement for ruminant feeding. However, anti nutritional factors (ANFs) contained in the leaves of EC could have negative effects on its nutritive value. Fungal biodegradation by solid substrate fermentation (SSF) of four ANFs namely: tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalate in leaves of EC was investigated. Aspergillus niger was used to inoculate whole leave samples of the EC. The levels of ANFs in the leaf substrates were estimated after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Inoculation of the whole leaf samples of the EC with A. niger caused reductions in the ANFs. Percentage reduction in EC was 42.7%, 28.7%, 25.5%, and 26.5% for tannins, saponins, phytic and oxalate respectively. At the same time, it significantly (p<0.05) increased crude protein levels in the leaves of EC up to day 14 beyond which there was no further significant increase. The results of ether extract, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) showed decrease as period of fermentation increased. It could be concluded from this study that the solid state fermentation of whole leaves of E. cyclocarpum by A. niger was sufficient to degrade antinutritional factors and caused significant improvement in the substrate nutrient composition. The reduction in antinutritional factors: tannins, saponins, phytic acid and oxalate, protein enrichment and simultaneous degradation of fibrous fractions (ADF and NDF) and ether extract showed the importance of fungal fermentation in improving the nutritive value of MPTs.
The performance and economics of production of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep was investigated in an experiment that lasted for 70 days. Twelve male sheep averaging 9.9 kg in liveweight and aged 7 -9 months were randomly assigned to four treatment groups in a completely randomized design with three animals per treatment. Chemical composition of diets, intake, liveweight gain and cost implication of feeding WAD sheep with grass, a conventional concentrate, an autoclaved and biodegraded Enterolobium cyclocarpum based diet were determined. The crude protein content of Guinea grass (4.43%) was relatively low compared to that of biodegraded Enterolobium cyclocarpum (14.13%). Total consumption and liveweight change were not significantly different (P < 0.05). The growth rate of animals fed concentrates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those on the grass diet. Cost per Kg of feed was the highest for control and least for guinea grass diet. However, cost per unit gain was the highest for Guinea grass diet (N 176.73) and least for biodegraded Enterolobium cyclocarpum diet (N 72.62). It was cheaper to produce 1 kg mutton using biodegraded EC diets than control, autoclaved and guinea grass diets respectively. The results suggest that biodegrading of Enterolobium cyclocarpum improved its nutrient quality, utilization and the performance and economy of production of West African Dwarf sheep.
Background:The health and well-being of women have not been studied extensively and had not been the major focus of policy fabricators and decision makers in Nigeria. It is imperative to explore the factors influencing health and the well-being of women in child-bearing age (WCBA).Methods: This study was cross-sectional and descriptive in nature. It used semi-structured questionnaires in 9 domains of age-group, marital status, parity, educational status, religion, occupation, income of respondent, income of husband and pregnancy state, to collect data on perceived health and wellbeing from 829 WCBA living on the Atlantic Ocean coastline in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria.Results: Majority of the surveyed women were aged 25-34 years (406, 49.0%), ever married (660, 79.6%), have had 1-2 children (347, 41.9%), had attained secondary level of education (548, 66.0%) and were traders (472, 57.6%). In all, 252(30.4%) had no monthly income and only 15(1.2%) had the highest monthly income of over US$166.8. In comparison, 331(39.9%) and 67(7.6%) of respondents' husbands had no income or had income of over US$166.8 respectively. Only 19(2.3%) perceived their well-being to be very poor while 70(8.4%) and 165(19.9%) respectively perceived it to be neither poor nor good or to be good. In all, 50(6.5%) respondents were very dissatisfied with their health compared to 254(30.6%) who were very satisfied with their health. Of those with no income, 31.6% and 48.0% respectively perceived their well-being to be very poor and their health status to be very unsatisfactory. In this group also 24.2% and 27.6% respectively perceived their well-being to be very good and their health status to be very satisfactory. Of those with income ≥US$166.8, 5.3% and 2.8% respectively perceived their well-being to be very good and health status to be very satisfactory. Significant relationships were observed between level of satisfaction with one's health, age, woman's income as well as pregnancy state. Discussion:The findings indicate that the experiences of well-being and health status of women in child-bearing age, living on the Atlantic Ocean coastline varied by age, marital status and educational status. A more robust study is needed to appropriately measure these variances among women, accommodate them in policies for better empowerment of women.
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