Iron deficiency is one of the leading risk factors for disability and death worldwide. Targeted iron supplementation with pharmaceuticals is widely used, but oral iron salt ingestion often causes side effects-nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. The present study demonstrated that red beetroot juice (RBRJ) contains a compound or compound complex with the ability to specifically stimulate duodenal iron absorption, shown in experiments in vitro, in situ and in vivo. The effect does not depend on juice sugar and ascorbic acid concentration. Fractionated RBRJ impact on iron absorption is dose dependent. This phenomenon is described for the first time.
The effects of high dose ascorbic acid (10 000 mg·kg(-1) in the diet) and the transition metal on the presence of oxidative stress in the internal organs of growing chicks, as well as on the innate immune system status, were investigated. Supplementation with a high dose of ascorbic acid had pro-inflammatory effects on the intestinal mucosa, and lysozyme levels were decreased significantly in all organs studied. High-dose ascorbic acid caused an imbalance between prooxidative and antioxidative activities and was associated with the generation of semiquinone radicals. We observed that ascorbic acid increased iron and cadmium absorption. When a high dose of ascorbic acid was applied, elevated kidney and intestinal mucosa iron concentrations were observed. The amount of free malondialdehyde in the above organs has increased as well. These data have important implications for the mechanism of the oxidative stress development under the influence of high dose of ascorbic acid, indicating the importance of the side reactions of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with the formation of semiquinone radicals and the role of transition metals in this process.
Lohman Brown chickens with age from the 1stto 35thday received the food with high doses ofselenium (Se1 mg/kg), copper (Cu100 mg/kg), or both elements (Se1 + Cu100). Live weight increaseof all three experimental chicken groups was by 9.3, 12.9 and 8.1%, respectively, in comparisonwith the control. The concentration of selenium in the blood of the Se1 group chickenswas by 45.5, in liver by 63.4 and in kidney by 19.7% higher that in organs of control group chickens.Selenium accumulation in organs of Se1 group chickens was highly correlated with increaseof glutathionperoxidase activity in blood (r = 0.90) and in liver (r = 0.85) and with decrease of glutathioneconcentration in liver. In Cu100 group chickens, copper concentration increased by 11.7in blood, in liver by 23.7, and in kidney by 19.9%. Together with more intensive excretion of glutathionefrom hepatocytes, copper concentration in bile increased by 17.7% compared to that incontrol group chickens. Also wing feathers participated in the regulation of copper homeostaticbalance, as copper concentration in feathers increased by 66.7%. The concentration of malondialdehidein liver of chickens from all groups was similar (43.5-45.2 μmol·g-1wet wt.), indicatingthat overload of selenium and copper did not cause profuse production of oxyradicals in the organism.Increased accumulation of selenium and copper in chickens influenced biochemical regulationof iron, zinc and cadmium deposition in liver, kidney, tibia and feather, changing therelations between Se and Fe, Se and Cd, Cu and Fe, Cu and Zn, and Cu and Cd concentrations.The analysis indicates increased tolerance of chicken to loads of selenium (1 mg/kg) and copper(100 mg/kg) doses
The high toxicity, bioaccumulative and increased distribution of cadmium (Cd) in the environment, makes it the most dangerous to any biological system, including immune system in human and animals. The effect of dietary intake of Cd (8.25 mg per kg) on accumulation and distribution of this heavy metal in various tissues, and functional changes in organs of immunity (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen) in 35-day-old broiler cockerels were investigated, using biochemical and immunological methods. Significant increases in the Cd concentration both in central immunocompetent organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius) and peripheral (spleen) were established. Excessive tissue level of Cd induced the prooxidative effect of this heavy metal in the organs. It was manifested in an increase of cell membrane lipid peroxidation (the enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration) in immune system organs. The oxidative stress resulted in immunocompetent cell damage. The fall of vital dye absorptive ability of immunocyte indicated the increase in the injured cell number. This harmful effect is in accordance with T-and B (C3)-population prominent depletion, organ relative mass reduction, and growth retardation in chicks, and was established as a result of dietary Cd loading for 5 weeks of the experiment.
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