In Egyptian patients, bone marrow necrosis in association with malignancy is a rare disorder which is accompanied by a poor outcome.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive malignancy defined by accumulation of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow. Leukemic stem cells ( LSCs ) are the major cause of the recurrence and metastasis of ALL. This study aimed to develop an effective anti-cancer agent targeting these LSCs . Luffa Cylindrica ( L.C. ) leaves extract was selected to evaluate its effect on ALL via eradicating the LSCs as it contains many active anti-cancer flavonoids. Methods: Thirty-two bone marrow samples of ALL patients were used in this study. LSCs population was identified in the selected samples. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation marker; ki-67 and colony forming assay were further analyzed. Results: This study revealed the expression of CD34+/CD38+ cells in addition to CD34+/CD38- population and the extract was effective against the two LSCs populations. MTT assay showed that treated leukemic cells exhibited significant reduction in the viable cells in a dose dependent manner with IC50 of 3 µg/µl which was then confirmed by flow cytometry. Cell cycle analysis results showed significant reduction in the percentage of cells treated with L.C. extract in both the S and G0/G1 phases, with concomitant increase in the G2/M phase. Also, L.C. extract could effectively induce apoptosis, inhibit proliferation and suppress colonogenecity of leukemic cells. Conclusion: This study validated the medicinal potential of L.C. leaves extract as a promising anti-leukemic agent targeting both LSCs and blasts in ALL patients, which may be explained by the synergy found between its potent flavonoids especially apigenin, luteolin and kaempferol.

BACKGROUND:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are important for post-transcriptional gene regulation in both healthy and morbid conditions. Numerous miRNAs promote tumorigenesis, while others have a tumour suppressive effects. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of genetically diverse hematopoietic malignancies with variable response to treatment.AIM:Our study aimed to investigate the possible role of miR-150 in de novo adult AML and the impact of its level on survival, and we used in the silicon analysis to predict the main target genes involved in miR-150 mediated cancer pathway.MATERIAL AND METHODS:We evaluated miR-150 expression profiling assay using TaqMan primer probes RT-PCR in the plasma of 50 adult AML patients, before the start of treatment and at day 28 of treatment, along with 20 normal adult control samples. miR-16 was used as an endogenous reference for standardisation. Follow-up of patients during treatment at day 28 of induction chemotherapy and after one year was done.RESULTS:In this study, we found a significantly lower level of miR-150 in AML patients when compared to controls (p = 0.005) with 0.62 fold change than in healthy controls. Patients were divided into two groups: the low miR-150 group (miR-150 < 1) and the high miR-150 group (miR-150 > 1). A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups regarding initial total leukocytic count and initial PB blast count while for the TLC, HB and PLT count at follow up. No difference in the overall survival between the low and the high miR-150 groups could be demonstrated.CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that miR-150 functions as a tumour suppressor and gatekeeper in inhibiting cell transformation and that its downregulation is required for leukemogenesis.

A major limitation to current cancer therapies is the development of therapy-related side-effects and dose limiting complications. Moreover, a better understanding of the biology of cancer cells and the mechanisms of resistance to therapy is rapidly developing. The translation of advanced knowledge and discoveries achieved at the molecular level must be supported by advanced diagnostic, therapeutic and delivery technologies to translate these discoveries into useful tools that are essential in achieving progress in the war against cancer. Nanotechnology can play an essential role in this aspect providing a transforming technology that can translate the basic and clinical findings into novel diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive tools useful in different types of cancer. Hematological malignancies represent a specific class of cancer, which attracts special attention in the applications of nanotechnology for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the present review is to elucidate the emerging applications of nanotechnology in cancer management and describe the potentials of nanotechnology in changing the key fundamental aspects of hematological malignancy diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.

Background: Prostate Cancer (PCa) is defined as a major health problem facing the male population. Aims: We aimed to investigate the protective effects of Orange Peel Extract (OPE) and/or selenium (Se) on chronic non-bacterial prostatitis in a rat model. Methods: Fifty-six adult male Wistar albino rats were castrated; after 5 days, they were divided randomly into eight groups (n= 7). The control group received saline treatment; while 17β-estradiol (E2) (0.25mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously in rats from Groups V, VI, VII, and VIII to induce chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. They were then treated with OPE (400mg/kg body weight; Groups II, IV, VI, and VIII) and/or sodium selenite (0.5mg/kg body weight; Groups III, IV, VII, and VIII) for 30 days. Interleukin-2 (IL2) and Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 (PCA3) mRNA expressions were determined using qPCR; Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) protein expression was determined immunohistochemically. Prostate tissue histology was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes were measured. Results: E2 administration significantly increased IL2 and PCA3 mRNA expressions, and PSA protein expression. It also increased the prostate wet weight and body weight, and lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, decreased the glutathione and antioxidant enzyme levels, and caused distinct histological alterations in the prostate gland. OPE and/or Se markedly improved all the studied parameters due to their antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: OPE and Se showed protective effects against 17β-estradiol-induced chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. These results suggest that protection of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis by OPE+Se combination involves anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. Moreover, their synergistic mechanism was mostly achieved via the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation processes.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is described as an increase in malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM), which is linked with end-organ damage including kidney failure, lytic bone lesion, anemia, and immunosuppression. This study evaluated the degree of tumor-associated macrophages infiltration and its diagnostic value in newly identified multiple myeloma cases. Methods: This retrospective study included 100 patients who had multiple myeloma. Patients were classified as follow: Patients with low Tumor associated macrophages, patients with high tumor associated macrophages, cases with low grade micro vessel density and patients with high grade micro vessel density. All cases underwent to detailed history taking, Clinical assessment, bone scan and laboratory tests including Immunohistochemistry of BM biopsy samples to confirm diagnosis of abnormal plasma cells (CD138 and monoclonal light chain). Results: There was a strong positive correlation between CD163 and CD68. There was a strong positive correlation between MVD and CD68. There was a strong positive correlation between MVD and CD163. There was decreased overall survival with increased CD 68 TAMs content with median OS (50 months) in low CD 68 TAMs vs. (16.5 months) in high CD 68 TAMs. There was decreased overall survival with increased CD163 TAMs content with median OS (49.3 months) in low CD 163 TAMs vs. (25.6 months) in high CD 163 TAMs. There was decreased overall survival with increased MVD with median OS (54.6 months) in low MVD vs. (25.6 months) in high MVD. Conclusions: Important role of TAMs expression and MVD in the prognosis of the multiple myeloma, as the elevated TAMs expression and high grade MVD associated with poor prognosis.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) producing monoclonal proteins and inducing specific organ and tissue damage. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and serum level of B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and its prognostic value in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 60 patients who were classified into two equal groups including group I (MM patients) which was newly diagnosed as MM and group II (healthy Control) which healthy individuals served as control. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in MM patients than control group levels were increased in MM patients. Plasma cell percentage in BM aspiration was a statistically significant increase in MM patients. As regarding serum BCMA, there was a statistically significant increase in MM patients than the control group. There was a significantly positive correlation between serum BCMA and its surface expression with plasma cells in BM, CD138 expression in a biopsy, creatinine, B2 microglobulin, LDH, ESR, and total calcium. There was no correlation between BCMA level and age, hemoglobin, WBCs, and platelets count. Serum BCMA and BCMA expression showed a significant correlation with the clinical status of the patients' group, patients with complete response showed a lower level of serum BCMA and lower expression of surface BCMA and longer OS and DFS while patients with failure of CR relapsed group showed a higher level of serum BCMA and higher expression of surface BCMA and shorter OS and DFS. Conclusions: Important role of BCMA expression and its serum level in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, as the BCMA level in serum significantly elevated in MM patients compared with the control group. Moreover, serum BCMA level and its surface expression are positively correlated with plasma cell percentage in BM aspirate, CD 138 expression in BM biopsy, M protein, and B2 macroglobulin.

Background: Injectable azacitidine (AZA) has been evaluated in a variety of malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and solid tumors. CC-486, the oral formulation of AZA, allows extended dosing schedules (>7 days per 28-day treatment cycle) to increase AZA exposure to malignant cells over the course of the cycle. CC-486 is under investigation in phase 3 clinical trials as maintenance therapy for patients with AML in first complete remission after induction chemotherapy (NCT01757535) and in lower-risk MDS with concurrent thrombocytopenia and RBC transfusion dependence (NCT01566695). In these studies, patients receive CC-486 300 mg QD administered in two 150 mg tablets. A single 300 mg CC-486 tablet is in development for market approval. Aims: Evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of a single 300 mg CC-486 tablet relative to two 150 mg CC-486 tablets, and the food effect (FE) on the bioavailability of the CC-486 300 mg tablet.64.7%, negative predictive value of 100%, and diagnostic accuracy of 84.6%. The BM clot technique had sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 90.0%, and positive predictive value of 77.8%, negative predictive of 90.0%, and diagnostic accuracy 86.2%. Summary/Conclusion: The BMA technique had good sensitivity and so could be used as a cheap screening method even in patients with profound thrombocytopenia. BM clot technique had good specificity. Both BMA and BM clot techniques could be a reasonable cheap option if combined together in cases in which BM biopsy could not be done.