Our study demonstrated that substantial hematoma retraction and perihematoma hypodensity occurs in ICH in the absence of any new bleeding or biological activity of surrounding brain. Such observations suggest that active bleeding is underestimated in patients with no or small hematoma expansion and our understanding of perihematoma hypodensity needs to be reconsidered.
INTRODUCTION:
Vitamin D deficiency might be involved in the development of several diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. An inverse association between 25(OH) D levels and stroke was also emphasized in recent studies.
Objective:
To determine the rate of vitamin D deficiency among stroke survivors and risk of associated osteoporosis in a nationally representative population.
Methods:
Participants from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 through 2006 were included. Serum 25(OH) D levels were measured using the DiaSorin RIA kit (Stillwater MN) and history of previous stroke and osteoporosis was ascertained by standard interview. Stroke survivors were then divided into 2 groups depending on serum 25(OH) D levels: <30ng/dL as vitamin D deficiency and ≥30ng/dL as normal. Comparisons of demographics and risk factors between two groups were performed using the SAS software. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis in stroke survivors after adjusting for potential confounding factors.
Results:
There were 415 (4.0%) stroke survivors among the total 10,255 participants in NHANES. The mean age [±SD] of stroke survivors was 67.56 [±17.3] years and 211 (50.8%) were men. Mean 25(OH) D concentrations were found to be not significantly different in patients with stroke (20.35 versus 21.82ng/mL, p=0.657) although the rate of osteoporosis was significantly higher among stroke survivors (17.92% versus 6.99%, p<0.0001). Out of 415 stroke patients, vitamin D deficiency was seen in 71.0% of the patients (mean concentration of 17.3±6.4ng/dL) and was normal in 29.0% patients (mean concentration of 34.6±5.3ng/dL). The rates of osteoporosis were similar between patients with or without Vitamin D deficiency. After adjusting for potential confounders, there was no association between vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis.
Conclusion:
Vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis are highly prevalent among stroke survivors, however, there does not appear to be a relationship between the two entities.
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