Starch has potential to be used in new, functional food packaging materials. The attractive factors of starch as a packaging material are its low price and degradable properties. However, brittleness hinders its function as a packaging film. In this study, chitosan nanofillers (CSN) were incorporated into sago starch (SS) formulations to improve the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of the film. The synthesis of a new formulation from the optimization process resulted in increased mechanical properties; the tensile strength obtained for the sago starch/chitosan nanofillers (SS/CSN) film was 88 MPa compared with 46 MPa for the sago starch film (SSF). In terms of thermogravimetric analysis, the SS/CSN film sustained up to 390 °C with 60% weight loss, whereas SSF experienced a weight loss of 67% at 375 °C. The analyses summarize the concept of using biocomposites to improve the properties of film for the potential purpose in biodegradable packaging plastics.
Hybridization of silanized CB/PCC filler reinforced NR/SBR blends was prepared on a two roll mill. The si-CB/PCC composites were vulcanized via a conventional sulphur system at 180 o C. The primary aims of this research are to scrutinize the effects of different concentration of si treated hybrid CB/PCC fillers ranging from 2 wt. % to 10 wt. % on the NR/SBR blends properties towards the curing characteristics, viscosity and crosslink density. In this work, a positive correlation was found between silane content on the hybrid filler surface and NR/SBR blend properties. It was found that at 6% of Si 69 concentration (F4) provided improvement in crosslink density and mooney viscosity properties. Increment of crosslink density in the blends would increase the viscosity and it may be due to the network formation between the treated fillers and rubber molecules. Moreover, the incorporation of treated fillers accelerates the curing process due to the surface activation and hence leads to tightly contact between filler-rubber phases.
Adsorption treatment process is one of the techniques that has been employed to treat discharge or effluent from domestic wastewater (DWW), raw water and also landfill leachate. The potential of waste paper sludge (WPS) and activated carbon (AC) as an absorbent has been investigated to obtain the optimum mixing ratio in removing two working parameters such as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and COD. Both WPS and AC were mixed together in different ratio. The absorption batch study is regarding the preparation of 5g composite adsorbent, 200 mL of raw leachate sample at pH 8.64, with a rotational agitation speed of 200 rpm for 300 minutes at room temperature. The result shows, the optimum ratio obtained for composite mixture absorbent is (1:3) and the concentration capacity achieved for the ratio was 870 mg/L and 496 mg/L for NH3-N and COD, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies for NH3-N and COD presented the adsorption mechanism that occurs on the composite adsorbent is physical and chemical reaction by obtaining the R2 in both model (< 1) respectively during the experiment.
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