Over 40% of Nigerians, out of the country's present population of over 20 million, would reside in urban areas by 2030, according to United Nations demographic experts. Given that 20% of urban residents already live in substandard circumstances and that there is a housing shortfall of over 17 million units in what has grown to be one of the world's greatest low-income housing markets, this is a cause for concern. Many people around the world lack access to decent housing, but the problem seems to be most acute in developing nations like Nigeria. Additionally, there are not many residences available to the growing number of workers in both the formal and informal sectors, particularly in urban areas. In spite of the fact that the effective demand from the vast majority of the population has not changed appreciably, the report notes that housing demand in Nigeria, particularly in urban areas, has continued to climb dramatically. This study finds that all the factors influencing housing supply have reduced the quality of housing in the nation. The results showed a number of concerns with housing shortages based on the pattern mentioned in the literature. It looks at the methods employed to provide housing in Wales, in the United Kingdom (UK), and the strategies used to achieve this, and makes links to the situation in Nigeria in order to strengthen the country's housing institutions, restructure the systems, and create a more robust housing sector so that a balance between urban and rural housing units may be achieved.
Hajj pilgrims encounter a great deal of tough physical and mental stress. Overcrowding, extreme temperatures and electrolytes imbalance are common among pilgrims. Approximately more than 2.5 million people from different parts of the world gathered in the holy sites Makka. These factors trigger the increased risk for communicable and non-communicable diseases. This study discusses health and religious factors in an attempt to assess the mandatory health requirements for public toilets in the holy places at Makkah city, that can be translated into toilet design for Hajj pilgrimage at Mecca with the purposes of integration of modern technologies. Articles related to toilet problems faced by the pilgrims published between 2013 to 2018 in some selected data bases were considered in this study. Only 20 studies were included, encompassing 12,000 respondents out of 300 articles. An evaluation requirement checklist was made to evaluate whether the toilet facilities conform to the local and international public toilet standards. Randomly, about 242 toilets were selected and assessed for the availability of essential hygienic items from Mina (54%), followed by Arafat (26%) and Muzdalifah (20%). The proposed conceptual toilets design for Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is not only applied for Hajj purposes but also as a model to the development of toilet design in all Muslim countries. Sustainable design proposal with safety provisions, accessibility, hygiene, ventilated, lighted and cleaned public toilets during Hajj rituals would more likely protect pilgrims against adverse health effects. However, a definitive conclusion could not be drawn due to lack of existing studies related to this area. The contribution of this study is that the health and religious factors are very crucial in the consideration of toilet design whilst not forgetting modern technologies of the future.
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